Gender and Development Practical

Approaches

Gender Analysis

1
Overview

1. What and Why of Gender Analysis

2. Gender Analysis Frameworks and
Tools

2
Learning Objectives

After this session you should be able to:

recognise the importance of gender analysis for project
planning, implementation and evaluation
use tools for gender analysis as part of development
interventions

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We learned so far..

Gender is a social construction depending upon time

and culture
Womens and mens division of labour and access and
control over resources is different
There is a global gender inequality in favour of men
Mens work = paid = considered more
important
Womens work = unpaid= considered less important
Due to gender discrimination women do not get their
fair share of opportunities and benefits

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Can development initiatives fail because they do not
consider gender ?

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Have a look at this development
intervention (source: UNDP)
We have brought
Food for everyone,
Go get from the
tree.

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Answer these Q. based on the
Picture
Do you think this is Equal Opportunity for all animals?
Does the same thing happens in development projects?
Who will be able to get the Food?
What should be done instead?

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Implicit Assumptions of
Development Programs

Assumptions during Project design and implementation:

Men are the head of household -> Project activities for

economic benefits should focus men

Housework or child care is not much efforts -> Women

can handle outside work with house work, womens
priorities go unnoticed

Women do care work -> Interventions related to family

health should focus women

Development benefits will automatically reach women

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What is Gender Analysis

Gender analysis is a tool

to better understand
the different social,
economic, cultural
and political realities
of women and men, girls and boys.

At its core is understanding culture (underlying

values, norms and beliefs), expressed in the
construction of gender identities and
inequalities. (Word Fish)
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Goals of Gender Analysis

Better understand our community (women, men, girls

and boys)
Get better results from development programs

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What Gender Analysis Will
Provide?
Analysis of the Division of Labour and Access and Control of Resources

Understanding of gender relations and their Implications for

development policy and implementation

Specific gender disaggregated statistics

A Review of Womens Priorities, Womens Practical Needs and Strategic

Interest and ways to address them

A Review of Social, Economic, Political Power Dynamics

Absence of GA propose high risk of program failure, less success or

reinforce inequity

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Some examples

A gender analysis of health program will inform you how

inequalities disadvantage womens health, the
constraints women face, ways to overcome constraints.

A gender analysis of women workers situations, their

needs, work places, wages, market trends will provide
practical information to advocate for all (women and
men) workers rights

A gender analysis of product supply chain will tell you

womens involvement at different stages in the supply
chain so to increase their visibility and gain economic
benefits 12
When to conduct a Gender
Analysis
Gender Analysis should/can be undertaken at any/all stages
of a program/project cycle, including:
Identification of the project;
Planning or design of the activity;
Implementation; and
Monitoring and evaluation of program

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 Who should do gender
analysis
Government
Policy makers
Donors
Program Managers
Development Staff
Field workers, etc.
GA should be participatory involving key stakeholders
from the field where the intervention is to take place
Gender Analysis can be conducted through a variety of
Tools and Frameworks 14
How To Do Gender Analysis

Collect Relevant Data: Sexdisaggregated information for

analysis (Who does what? Gender roles, responsibilities,
priorities of men and women both within and outside the
household? Who has what? Who controls what?)
Identify Relevant Gender Issues (womens and mens
practical needs and strategic interests)
Understand the institutional, economic, social, and
political contexts (What are the differences, constraints,
influences, power dynamics between women and men?)
Understand the priorities and needs of both men and
women affected by the project (what do they need/want?)

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Gender Analysis Frameworks

Gender roles framework (Harvard)

Triple roles framework (Carolyn Moser)
Web of institutionalisation framework (Caren
Levy)
Gender analysis matrix (GAM)
Equality and empowerment framework (Sara
Longwe)
Capacities and vulnerabilities framework
(CVA)
People oriented planning framework (POP)
Social relations framework (SRF)

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 Harvard framework - 1

Can help planners design efficient

projects
Improves visibility of women in target
area

Three main tools:

Tool 1: The socio-economic activity profile

who does what, when, where and for how
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long?
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 Tool 1: Activity profile
Activities Women/Men Time
Productive/Livelihoo
d activities
Agriculture M Seasonal
Income generation
M Seasonal
Employment
M
Others

Reproductive
activities
Water W Everyday 2 hrs
Fuel
W Everyday 2 hrs
Food
W Everyday 2 hrs
Childcare
W Everyday 4 hrs
Health
W
Cleaning and repair

Market
W/M
W
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Other
Harvard framework - 2

Tool 2: The access and control profile

who has access to resources (ex. land,
equipment, capital etc.)?
who has access to benefits (ex.
education, health services, political
power etc.)?
who has control over resources and
benefits?

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Tool 2: Access and control profile
Access Control

Assets, Resources
Land W/M M
Equipment W/M M
Cash M M
Education
M M
Training
M M
Other

Benefits
Income M M
Education M M
Health W/M M
Water User Group
W M 21
Political power
M M
Other
 Tool 3: Influencing factors
3. Identify factors that determine the gender differences
Political, economic, cultural etc.
Communtiy norms, social hierachies
Training and education
Attitude of community towards external development workers
Past and present influences
Opportunities and constraints

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Gender Analysis of Projects
Activity Profile

Who does what?

Access and Control Profile

Who has what?

Analysis of Factors and Trends

Socio-Economic-Political factors

Program Cycle Analysis

What gender considerations are needed in project design and implementation

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Gender Analysis Matrix

The tool uses participatory methodology to facilitate

the definition and analysis of gender issues by the
communities that are affected by them. Using the
Gender Analysis Matrix will provide a unique articulation
of issues as well as develop gender analysis capacity
from the grassroots level up.
All requisite knowledge for gender analysis exists among
the people whose lives are the subject of the analysis
Gender analysis does not require the technical expertise
of those outside the community being analyzed, except
as facilitators
Gender analysis cannot be transformative unless the
analysis is done by the people being analyzed.

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 CATEGORIES OF ANALYSIS

Unit s of Unit s of Unit s of Unit s of

Analysis #1: Analysis #2: Analysis #3 Analysis #4
LABOR TIME
Levels of
Analysis/
Stakeholders
Stakeholder #1 :
Men

Stakeholder #2:
Women

Stakeholder #3:
Community

Stakeholder #4

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 Sample Gender Analysis Matrix
Dimensions of Analysis
Livelihood Assets, Power and Needs, Institutions,
activities, Capabilities Decision- Priorities Mechanism
roles, relations making s,
Governance

WOMEN What activities What assets, What decision What are How markets
they do? capabilities, making do womens work
Where? opportunities men and needs and differently for
When? they have? women priorities women and
What are participate in? What are men?
different What decision their Do
vulnerability? making they aspirations governance
What are control? for future takes into
their different What account
coping constraints womens
mechanism? they face? concerns

MEN -do- -do- -do- -do- -do-

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 Case study for gender analysis
Source: Hor Sophea, AIT

The urban population in Cambodia collect water from a

variety of sources, including piped water, public tap, well,
surface water, and water sold by private vendors which is
usually high cost and from unreliable sources. Though men
help sometime but traditionally women collect water for
household use. Most slum dwellers face drainage and
sewerage problems, esp. during the rainy season. MRD
installed 5 tube-wells without consultations with
community or testing ground water quality. The tube well
water contained high iron, lime, arsenic and could not be
used for washing cloths, cooking food or bathing. After a
number of health problems people stopped using water
from the tube wells.

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