School of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

TOPIC
ENGR 114

Engineering Graphics & CAD

01 Orthographic Projection
Tulong Zhu, All rights reserved.
 Engineering Graphics
Engineering A set of rules and guidelines that help you create an
Graphics Engineering Drawing.

Engineering A drawing that communicates an idea or design.

Drawing

Examples of Mechanical Engineers

Engineering Detailed drawing of a part that needs to be machined.
Drawing
Electrical Engineers
A circuit scheme.
Circuit board layout.
Civil Engineers
Plans for a bridge.
Road layout.

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 Orthographic Projection
Orthographic An orthographic projection is a 2-D representation of a 3-D
Projection object.

3D Representation 2D Orthographic Projection

An orthographic projection represents different sides of an object.

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 Principal Views
Principal There are six principal
Views views available, which can
be created by looking at the
object, straight on, in the
directions indicated.

Standard To completely describe an

Views object, we need only three
principal views, as the
other three views do not
add any additional
information.
These three views are
called standard views.
Front view
Top view
Right side view
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 Standard Views: Glass Box Method
Glass Box The Glass Box Method is a way to create the standard views.
Method
The object is placed in a glass box.
The image of the object is projected on the front, right and top
sides of the box.
The box is unfolded.
The sides of the box are the standard views

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 Glass Box Method: Place the Object

The object is placed in a

glass box.

Notice the use of hidden

lines on the glass box,
depicting lines that would
not be visible from the
given perspective).

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 Glass Box Method: Project Front Image

The image of the object is

projected on the front side
of the box.

As the object is viewed

from a specific orientation
(front in this case), visual
rays project from the object
to the projection plane.
These projectors are always
parallel to each other.

Projector

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 Glass Box Method: Project Front Image

The objects image is

formed on the projection
plane by the pierce points
of the visual rays.

The invisible features are

also needed to projected on
the projection plane, using
dashed lines.

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 Glass Box Method: Right Side View

The process is repeated to

construct the right side
view on the profile plane

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 Glass Box Method: Top View

Similarly, the top view is

projected to the horizontal
plane

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 Glass Box Method: Three Standard Views
For many three-
dimensional objects, two to
three orthographic standard
views are sufficient to
describe their geometry.

Additional detailed local

views, auxiliary views,
or section views may be
needed for complicated
objects.

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 Glass Box Method: Unfold the Box

The box can be

unfolded to show the
multiple views in a
single x-y plane

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 Three Standard Views
Back

TOP

FRONT RIGHT SIDE

Dont write Top, Front, and Right in your final

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drawing.
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 Dimensioning and Finishing the Drawing

Dimensional data can then

be added to the drawing to
finish the drawing.

Dimensioning techniques
will be discussed in details
later.

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 Front View
Question Generally, we need three principal views to completely
describe the true shape of the part. Which one is the most
important?
The front view is the most important.

Front View The front view shows the most features or characteristics of
the object.
It usually contains the least amount of hidden lines.
The front view is chosen first and the other views are based
on the orientation of the front view.

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 View Alignment
The top and front views are
aligned vertically and share
the same width dimension. TOP d
The front and right side
views are aligned
horizontally and share the w
same height dimension.
The top and right side FRONT RIGHT SIDE
w
views share the same depth d
dimension.
Caution: The three standard
h h
views must be aligned
according to the above
rules. Do not move the
views to any other locations.
Height = h
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Width = w
Depth = d
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 Line Type and Weight
Why Different Line type and line weight provide valuable information to the
Type & print reader. For example,
Weight?
Is the feature visible or hidden from view?
Is the line part of the object or part of a dimension?
Is the line indicating symmetry?

Line Types There are four commonly used line types:
Continuous Line
Hidden Line
Center Line
Phantom Line
Line Width Some lines are more important than others. Importance is
indicated by line weight or thickness.
Thin (0.3 mm), medium (0.35 0.45 mm), thick (0.5 0.6
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mm) and very thick (0.6 0.8 mm).

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 Line Type and Weight: Visible Lines and Hidden Lines
Visible Visible lines represent visible edges and
Line boundaries.

Continuous and thick (0.5 0.6 mm).

Hidden Hidden lines represent edges and

Line boundaries that cannot be seen.

Dashed and medium thick

(0.35 0.45 mm).

Hidden
Line
Ex.

Hole: not visible

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 Hidden Lines: Rules
Rule 1 The length of the hidden line dashes may
vary slightly as the size of the drawing
changes

Rule 2 Hidden lines should always begin and

end with a dash

Exception: When the hidden line

begins or ends at a parallel visible or
hidden line.

Rule 3 Dashes should join at corners.

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 Line Type and Weight: Phantom Lines (I)
Phantom Phantom lines are used to indicate
Line imaginary features.
Show a change in surface direction
produced by fillets and rounds

Adjacent positions of related parts.

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 Line Type and Weight: Phantom Lines (II)
Phantom Phantom lines are used to indicate
Line imaginary features.
Alternate positions of moving parts.

Repeated details (such as a spring).

The line type is long dash short dash

short dash and the line weight is
usually thin (0.3 mm).

Esc Rule Phantom lines should start and end with

a long dash.
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 Line Type and Weight: Center Lines
Center Represent axes of symmetry.
Line
Important for interpreting cylindrical shapes.

Crossed center lines should be drawn at the centers of circles.

Also used to indicate circle of centers, and paths of motion.

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Long dash short dash and thin (0.3 mm).

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 Center Lines: Rules
Rule 1 Center lines should start and end with long dashes

Rule 2 Center lines should intersect by crossing either the long dashes or the
short dashes (see above figure).

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 Center Lines: Rules (contd)
Rule 3 Center lines should extend a short distance beyond the object or feature.

Rule 4 Center lines may be connected

within a single view to show that
two or more features lie in the same
plane.

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CAUTION! Center lines should not extend through the space
between views .
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 Line Type & Weight: Dimension and Cut Plane Lines
Dimension Dimension and extension lines are used
& to show the size of an object.
Extension
In general, a dimension line is placed
Lines
between two extension lines and is
terminated by arrowheads, which
indicates the direction and extent of the
dimension.
Other forms are also accepted if space
is limited
Continuous and thin (0.3 mm).
Cutting Used to show where an imaginary cut
Plane Line has been made through the object in
order to view interior features.
Arrows are placed at both ends of the
cutting plane line to indicate the
direction of sight.
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The line type phantom and the line

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weight is very thick (0.6 to 0.8 mm).
 Line Type and Weight: Section Lines and Break Lines
Section Section lines are used to show areas that
Lines have been cut by the cutting plane.
Section lines are grouped in parallel
line patterns and usually drawn at a 45
angle.
Continuous and thin (0.3 mm).
Example

This is how section lines

might look on a drawing

Break Break lines are used to show imaginary

Line breaks in objects
Usually made up of a series of
connecting arcs
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The line type continuous and the line

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weight is thick (0.5 0.6 mm).
 Line Precedence
Precedence If two lines occur in the same place, the line that is considered to
be the least important is omitted.
Lines in order of precedence/importance are as follows:
Cutting plane line
Visible line
Hidden line
Center line

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 Example 1-1
Fill the following dotted orthographic projection with the appropriate line types.

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 Fill in the visible
lines in to top view.

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 Fill in the visible
lines in to front view.

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 Fill in the visible lines
in to right side view.

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 Fill in the hidden
lines in to front, top
and right side views.

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 Draw the center
lines in all the views.

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 NOTICE!
The small dashes cross in the
middle.

NOTICE!
The center line connects
between features in the same
view.
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 Creating an Orthographic Projection: Procedure
Procedure Choose a front view

Which view shows the most

about the object?

Decide how many views are needed.

How many and which views for the above example?

2 Views. Front and Top

Notes For procedural reasons, we will continue this example by
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drawing all 3 standard views.
 Creating an Orthographic Projection: Example
Draw the visible features of the front view.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection : Example
Draw projectors off of the front view

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection : Example
Draw the top view.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection : Example
Project back to the front view.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection : Example
To create the right side view, draw a 45 projector off the front view.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection : Example
Draw projectors over to the 45 line and down.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection : Example
Draw the right side view.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection : Example
Project back if needed.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection : Example
Draw centerlines where necessary.

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 Creating an Orthographic Projection : Example

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 Example 1-2

Fill in the missing lines in

the front, right side, and top
views.

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 1 missing
visible line in
the front view.

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 The right side
view has 1
missing visible line
and 2 missing
hidden lines.
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 The top view has
5 missing visible
lines and 2
missing hidden
lines.
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 Example 1-3

Fill in the missing lines in the

top, front, and right side views.

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 The top view has
1 missing visible
line.

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 The front view has
4 missing visible
lines and 4
missing center
lines.
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 The right side
view has 2
missing hidden
lines and 1
missing center
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line.
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 Example: Completed Drawing

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 Example 1-4

Fill in the missing lines in the front, right side, and top views. Use Projectors

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 Example 1-4: Project Top View to Right View
Project either the front or back surface on the object, in both the top and right
side views, to the point of intersection. At that point of intersection, construct a
45 miter line.
Project the significant and obvious points and lines in the right side view to the
top view.

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 Example 1-4: Project Right View to Top View
Project the hole.
Project the cut corner.

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 Example 1-4: Add Other Lines
Project the right up corner cut in the front view.
Project the significant and obvious points and lines in the right side view to the
front view.
Project the hole and cut corner in the top view to the front view.

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 Example 1-4: Finished View

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 Example 1-5

Fill in the missing lines in the front, right side, and top views.

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 Example 1-5: Projectors
Draw all projectors between views.

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 Example 1-5: Add Missing Lines
Front Views
Top Views
Right Side Views Views

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 Example 1-5: Finished Views

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 Example 1-6
Shade in the surfaces that
will appear in the front, top,
and right side views.
Estimating the distances,
draw the front, top, and
right side views.
Identify the surfaces with
the appropriate letter in the
orthographic projection.

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 Example 1-6: Front View

Draw the horizontal and

vertical projectors after
finishing the front view.

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 Example 1-6: Right Side View

Notice the 45 deg.

projector

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 Example 1-6: Top View

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 Projection Approach
Question Are all countries use the same orthographic projection we do here
in USA?

Answer No.

USA, Canada and UK generally use the so called 3rd angle

projection, which has been discussed so far.

Most other countries use the 1st angle projection

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 1st Angle Projection

Profile
or
Right
Side
View
Front
View

Horizontal
or Top
View Third Angle Projection
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First Angle Projection

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 1st Angle Projection

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 1st Angle Projection
Profile or
Right Side
View

Front View

Horizontal
or Top View

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 1st Angle Projection

Front
Right Side View View

Top
View
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 1st Angle & 3rd Angle Projections

1st Angle Projection 3rd Angle Projection

Front Top
Right Side View View View

Front
Top View Right Side View
View
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 Projection Symbol
Why In order to inform the reader what projection method was used,
the projection symbol should be placed in the drawing, if the
project involves engineers from different countries.
3rd Angle
Projection
Symbol

Third Angle Projection Symbol

1st Angle
Projection
Symbol

First Angle Projection Symbol

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Note Use 3rd angle projection in this class, unless otherwise indicated.
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 Auxiliary Views
Auxiliary Auxiliary views are used to show the true shape of features that are
Views not parallel to any of the principle planes of projection.
Auxiliary views are aligned with the angle features from which
they are projected.

Example Partial Aligned with the

auxiliary angled surface
view

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 Example 1-7

Draw the auxiliary view

for this object.

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