Chapter 14

Fluids
Mass Density

DEFINITION OF MASS DENSITY

The mass density of a substance is the mass of a

substance divided by its volume:

m

V

SI Unit of Mass Density: kg/m3

Pressure

F
P
A

SI Unit of Pressure: 1 N/m2 = 1Pa

Pascal

Pressure: scalar

Direction of force:
perpendicular to the
surface
Pressure

Snowshoes prevent
the person from
sinking into the soft
snow.

The force on the

snow is spread over
a larger area.

The pressure is
reduced on the
snows surface.
 Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level: 1.013x105 Pa = 1 atmosphere

Atmospheric pressure
is sufficient to
crumple a can if the
inside air is pumped
out.
Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid

Under STATIC
equilibrium, all
points at the same
depth must be at the
same pressure.
Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid

Pressure depends on the depth and is not affected

by the shape of the container
Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid

F
y P2 A P1 A mg 0

P2 A P1 A mg

m V
Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid

V Ah

P2 A P1 A Vg

P2 A P1 A Ahg

P2 P1 hg
Pressure Gauges
P2 P1 gh
Barometer

Patm gh

h
Patm


1.01105 Pa

g 13.6 103 kg m3 9.80 m s 2
0.760 m 760 mm
Pressure Gauges

Manometer

P2 PB PA

PA P1 gh

absolute pressure

P2 Patm gh

gauge pressure
Pascals Principle

PASCALS PRINCIPLE

Any change in the pressure applied to a completely

enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the
fluid and enclosing walls.
Pascals Principle

P2 P1 g 0 m

F2 F1

A2 A1

A2
F2 F1
A1
 Pascals Principle

Example 7 A Car Lift

The input piston has a radius of 0.0120

m and the output plunger has a radius
of 0.150 m.

The combined weight of the car and the

plunger is 20500 N. Suppose that the
input piston has a negligible weight and
the bottom surfaces of the piston and
plunger are at the same level. What is
the required input force?
 Pascals Principle

A1
F1 F2
A2

0.0120 m
2
F1 20500 N 131 N
0.150 m 2
Archimedes Principle

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

Any fluid applies a buoyant force to an object that is partially

or completely immersed in it; the magnitude of the buoyant
force equals the weight of the fluid that the object displaces:

FB Wfluid

Magnitudeof Weight of
buoyantforce displacedfluid
Archimedes Principle

P2 P1 gh

FB P2 A P1 A P2 P1 A
Vdisplaced hA

FB f ghA

FB f Vdisplaced g

mass of
displaced
fluid
Archimedes Principle

(a) If object f Wobject W fluid object floats

(b) If object f Wobject W fluid object sinks

(a) (b)
Archimedes Principle

Conceptual test

Imagine holding two identical bricks under water.

Brick A is just beneath the surface of the water,
while brick B is at a greater depth. The force
needed to hold brick B in place is

1. larger
2. the same as Buoyant force depends on pressure difference only!

3. smaller

than the force required to hold brick A in place.

 Archimedes Principle

A floating object

In this case the

upward buoyant
force is balanced by
the downward force
of gravity:

B fVf g obj V f
Equilibriu m
Wobj objVobj g f Vobj
 Archimedes Principle

Example 9 A Swimming Raft

The raft is made of solid square

pinewood. Determine whether
the raft floats in water and if
so, how much of the raft is beneath
the surface.
 Archimedes Principle

Vraft 4.0 m4.0 m0.30 m 4.8 m3

FBmax Vg waterVwater g

1000 kg m 3 4.8m 3 9.80 m s 2
47000 N
 Archimedes Principle

Wraft mraft g pineVraft g

550 kg m 3 4.8m 3 9.80 m s 2
26000 N 47000 N

The raft floats!

 Archimedes Principle

If the raft is floating:

Wraft FB

26000 N waterVwater g

26000 N 1000 kg m3 4.0 m4.0 mh 9.80 m s 2

26000 N
h 0.17 m

1000 kg m 4.0 m 4.0 m 9.80 m s
3

2
Archimedes Principle

Two identical glasses are filled to the same level with water.
One of the two glasses has ice cubes floating in it. Which
weighs more?

1. The glass without ice cubes.

2. The glass with ice cubes.

3. The two weigh the same.

Archimedes Principle

Concept Test
The apparent weight of a steel sphere immersed in
various liquids is measured using a spring scale. The
greatest reading is obtained for that liquid:

A) in which the sphere was submerged deepest in the liquid.

B) subject to the greatest atmospheric pressure.
C) having the smallest density.
D) having the largest density.
E) having the greatest volume.

apparent w eight mg B mg f gVimmersed

Archimedes Principle

Example

A rock of mass M with a density twice as that of

water is sitting at the bottom of a tank filled with
water. The normal force exerted on the rock by the
bottom of the tank is

A) Mg
B) 0.5Mg
C) 2Mg
D) Cannot be determined from the info given.
E) Zero
Archimedes Principle

CROWN EXAMPLE:

Archimedes was (supposedly) asked, Is

the crown made of pure gold?

Crowns weight in air = 7.84 N

Weight in water (submerged) = 6.84 N

Archimedes Principle

CROWN EXAMPLE:

Crown s weight in air T1 mg 7.84

Crown s weight in water T2 mg B 6.84
B mg 6.84 7.84 6.84 1N

But B water gVcrown

B
Vcrown 1.02 10 3 m3
water g
Archimedes Principle

Thus, the material crown density:

m air 7.84
crown
Vcrown 9.8 1.02 10 3

7.84 103 Kg/m 3

The crown is fake since the density of Gold

is 19.3103 Kg/m3.
Fluids in Motion

In steady flow the velocity of the fluid particles at any point is

constant as time passes.
Unsteady flow exists whenever the velocity of the fluid particles
at a point changes as time passes.

Turbulent flow is an extreme kind of unsteady flow in which the

velocity of the fluid particles at a point change erratically in both
magnitude and direction.
 Fluids in Motion

Fluid flow can be compressible or incompressible. Most liquids

are nearly incompressible.

Fluid flow can be viscous or nonviscous.

An incompressible, nonviscous fluid is called an ideal fluid.

When the flow is steady, streamlines are often used to

represent the trajectories of the fluid particles.
The Equation of Continuity

m V A v
t
distance

m2 m1
2 A2 v2 1 A1v1
t t

The mass of fluid per second that flows through a tube is

called the mass flow rate.
The Equation of Continuity

EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

The mass flow rate has the same value at every position along a
tube that has a single entry and a single exit for fluid flow.

1 A1v1 2 A2v2

SI Unit of Mass Flow Rate: kg/s

The Equation of Continuity

A1v1 A2v2
Incompressible fluid:
Volume flow rate Q: Q Av

As area decreases,
speed increases.
The Equation of Continuity

Example 12 A Garden Hose

A garden hose has an unobstructed opening with a cross sectional area

of 2.85x10-4m2. It fills a bucket with a volume of 8.00x10-3m3 in 30
seconds.

Find the speed of the water that leaves the hose through (a) the
unobstructed opening and (b) an obstructed opening with half as much
area.
The Equation of Continuity

Q Av
(a)

Q 8.00 103 m3 30.0 s
v
0.936 m s
A 2.85 10 m
-4 2

(b) A1v1 A2v2

v1 20.936 m s 1.87 m s
A1
v2
A2
Bernoullis Equation

According to the pressure-

depth relationship, the pressure
The fluid accelerates
is lower at higher levels,
toward the lower pressure
provided the area of the pipe
regions.
does not change.
Bernoullis Equation

W F s F s PAs P2 P1 V

Wnc 1
2
mv12 mgy1 1
2 mv22 mgy2
Bernoullis Equation

P2 P1 V 12 mv12 mgy1 12 mv22 mgy2

P2 P1 12 v12 gy1 12 v22 gy2

BERNOULLIS EQUATION

In steady flow of a nonviscous, incompressible fluid,

the pressure, the fluid speed, and the elevation at two
points are related by:

P1 v gy1 P2 v gy2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
Bernoullis Equation

P1 12 v12 gy1 P2 12 v22 gy2

Going back to the static case:

v1 v2 0
P1 P2 g ( y2 y1 ) P2 gh

Change of pressure with velocity:

P 12 v 2 gy cst

As the speed increases, the pressure decreases.

Applications of Bernoullis Equation

Conceptual Example 14 Tarpaulins and Bernoullis Equation

When the truck is stationary, the

tarpaulin lies flat, but it bulges outward
when the truck is speeding down
the highway.

Account for this behavior.

Applications of Bernoullis Equation

Airplane wings
The pressure above is less
than the pressure below,
and there is a dynamic lift
force upwards.
Applications of Bernoullis Equation
Applications of Bernoullis Equation

ATOMIZER

A stream of air passes

over one end of an open
tube.
The other end is
immersed in a liquid.
The moving air reduces
the pressure above the
tube.
The fluid rises into the air
stream.
The liquid is dispersed
into a fine spray of
droplets.
Applications of Bernoullis Equation

Example 16 Efflux Speed

The tank is open to the

atmosphere at the top.
Find and expression for the
speed of the liquid leaving
the pipe at the bottom.
Applications of Bernoullis Equation
P1 P2 Patm v2 0

P1 12 v12 gy1 P2 12 v22 gy2

y2 y1 h

1
2 v12 gh

v1 2 gh