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7 - Enzymes

This document discusses several applications and uses of enzymes, including: 1) Enzyme inhibitors are used to control reactions by blocking enzymes. Drugs also block enzymes by mimicking natural chemicals. 2) Enzyme levels are routinely tested in the blood for diagnostic purposes to detect diseases of organs like the heart, liver, and pancreas. 3) Enzymes are used therapeutically as drugs and in enzymotherapy to treat various disorders. Orally administered enzyme mixtures can treat digestive issues and diseases.

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173 views15 pages

7 - Enzymes

This document discusses several applications and uses of enzymes, including: 1) Enzyme inhibitors are used to control reactions by blocking enzymes. Drugs also block enzymes by mimicking natural chemicals. 2) Enzyme levels are routinely tested in the blood for diagnostic purposes to detect diseases of organs like the heart, liver, and pancreas. 3) Enzymes are used therapeutically as drugs and in enzymotherapy to treat various disorders. Orally administered enzyme mixtures can treat digestive issues and diseases.

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checkmate
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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*Enzyme applications#

Enzyme Inhibitors
Regulator or feedback - used to control a sequence of reactions -
reaction product may block initial enzyme.
Enzyme Inhibitors
Enzyme Inhibitors
Drugs as Enzyme Inhibitors
Drug mimics some natural chemical to block enzyme.
Drugs as Enzyme Inhibitors
Drug mimics some natural chemical to block enzyme.
Diagnostic indicators the activities of many enzymes are
routinely determined in plasma ( rarely in tissue biopsies) for
diagnostic purposes in diseases of the heart, liver, skeletal muscle,
pancreas and other tissues - enzyme diagnostics

Therapeutic agents several enzymes are used as drugs; new


approach - enzymotherapy

Diagnostic tools use as chemicals in clinical laboratory assays


ENZYMES IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
secretory - produced by tissues (namely liver), acting in plasma
prothrombin, plasminogen, cerruloplasmin, choline
esterase; lipoprotein lipase
Enzymes

intracellular function intracellulary, have no physiological use in


plasma
- membrane bound ALP, GMT
- cytosolic ALT, AST, LD, MDH
- mitochondrial AST, GMDH
- lysosomal - ACP

- tissue specific glucose-6-phosphatase liver


amylase pancrease
LD1 heart
Healthy individuals - levels of intracellular enzymes fairly constant, low
the rate of enzyme release from damaged cells into plasma balanced by the
rate of removal of enzyme protein from plasma

Physiological enzyme levels reference values of the enzyme activities

(determined in clinical laboratory each lab


has its own reference values)

Elevated enzyme activity in the plasma reflect tissue damage accompanied


by increased release of intracellular enzyme
Skeletal muscle during exertion physiologically elevated levels of muscle
enzymes in plasma

Many diagnostically important enzymes = isoenzymes pattern of


isoenzymes in plasma (determined electroforetically)
a means of identifying the damaged tissue
ALTERATION OF ENZYME PLASMA LEVELS

Increased values increased cell membrane permeability

anoxia, disturbances of energy metabolism


cytosolic enzymes ALT, LD, CK
- cell necrosis membrane-bound enzymes ALP, GMT
mitochondrial enzymes AST, GMDH
- induction of the enzyme synthesis drugs ALP, GMT

Decreased values inhibition of the activity drugs


- inhibition of the synthesis cell damage, drugs
Examples of enzymes commonly assayed for diagnostic purposes

Enzyme Location Cause of elevated plasma level

Acid phosphatase - ACP Prostate Prostatic cancer

Alkaline phosphatase ALP Bone, liver Rickets, hypoparathyroidism,


osteomalacia, obstructive
jaundice, cancer of bone/liver

Alanine aminotransferase ALT Liver (muscle, Hepatitis, jaundice, circulatory


heart, kidney) faillure with liver congestion

Aspartate aminotransferase AST Heart, muscle, Myocardial infarction, muscle


red cells, liver damage, anemia, hepatitis,
circulatory faillure with liver
congestion

Amylase - AM Pancres Acute pancreatitis, peptic ulcer

-Glutamyl transferase GMT Liver, kidney, Hepatitis, alcoholic liver


pancreas damage, cholestasis
Examples of isoenzymes commonly assayed for diagnostic purposes

Enzyme Location Cause of elevated plasma level

Creatine kinase CK
CK-MB Heart Myocardial infarction
CK-MM Skeletal muscle Muscular dystrophy

Lactate dehydrogenase LD
LD1 > LD2 Heart, kidney, Myocardial infarction, kidney
blood cells disease, megaloblastic anemia,
leukemia
LD2, LD3 Leukemia
LD5 Liver, muscle Liver disease, muscle damage
ENZYMES IN THERAPY

Substitution of missing production of digestive enzymes digestive


enzymes pepsin trypsin

Removal of deposits of death tissue or fibrin (e.g. in lungs, eyes), treatment


of skin defects proteinases, nucleases, collagenase

Acceleration of fibrinolysis in lungs embolization (activation of plasmin


and plasminogen) streptokinase, urokinase
ENZYMOTHERAPY
Orally administered enzymes treatment of a variety disorders
- digestive, gastrointestinal, pancreatic
- inflammatory diseases, edema
- immune and autoimmune diseases
(arthritis, multiple sclerosis)
- viral diseases (herpes, AIDS)
- cancer

Mixtures of enzymes of plant and/or animal origin - proteinases, amylase,


lipase - administered as acidoresistent tablets

Pancreatin trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase


Wobenzym pancreatic and plant proteolytic enzymes trypsin,
chymotrypsin, papain (Carica papaya), bromelain (ananas) =
combination of enzymes with different specificity, pH optimum,
stability, interaction with inhibitors and antiproteinases
multiple action
ENZYMES - USE IN LABORATORY ASSAYS
Enzymes isolated from different sources - used for determination of various
substances in the blood, plasma/serum and urine enzyme methods

Components of commercial kits or diagnostic strips


- determination of glucose - glucose oxidase, peroxidase
cholesterol - cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase
peroxidase,
urea urease, . in blood, plasma, serum
- proof of glucose (glucose oxidase), .. in blood or urine (strips)

Markes in the immunochemical analysis


- ELISA (=enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay) peroxidase, alkaline
phosphatase

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