Implementation and Assessment

of Upper Secondary Science

( General Science)
Teaching Strategy
Refer to methods used to help students learn
the desired course contents and be able to
develop achievable goals in the future

Long term plan of action designed to achieve

a particular goals
 PEDAGOGY OF TEACHING

Pedagogy is the art (and science) of teaching.

Effective teachers use an array of teaching strategies
because there is no single, universal approach that suits
all situations. Different strategies used in different
combinations with different groupings of students will
improve learning outcomes.
TEACHING
STRATEGIES
 1. Lecture
 PURPOSE:
- Stimulates learner’s interest
- help clarification of difficult parts.

TYPES:
- Traditional oral essay
- Participatory lecture
- Lecture w/ uncompleted handouts
- Feedback lecture
- Mediated Lecture
 2. DISCUSSIONS
TYPES: - Formal & Informal

PURPOSE:
- Learns problem solving
method ( groups)

- Opportunity to apply
principles, concepts & theories
 3.QUESTIONING
Ask Questions

 “Higher order thinking”

 Be in an active role
 Motivates students
4. COOPERATIVE LEARNING
Enhances social
skill

Small groups of learners

Promotes
learning styles

Work together toward

achieving shared learning Members learn
goal to function as a
team
ASSESSMENT
 DEMONSTRATION
FORM :4
CHAPTER : 5

TOPIC : ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

SUBTOPIC : 5.1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

THEME : ENERGY IN LIFE

Teaching Demonstration 1
Chapter 5 :Energy and
Chemical Changes
(Physical and Chemical
Changes)
 Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 Explain what is physical and chemical changes

 Distinguish physical and chemical changes

Recap
Questions:
▪What is matter?
▪What is matter made up of?
▪Gives the state of matter?
 WHAT IS A MATTER?
(a)Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

(b)All matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms,

molecules or ions).

(c)Matters can exist in 3 states: Solid, Liquid and gas.

 Physical change

The physical change are

defined as the changes
that only affect the
physical properties of
the substances
 Characteristis of physical
changes
o Involves only physical changes such as shape or size of substance
o Involve changes in the state of matter solid, liquid and gas
o Chemicals composition and chemical properties of substances remain
unchanged so that no new substance are formed,
o Less energy is needed
o The changes are reversible
 Chemical change
Chemical change

▪Defined as the changes

that affect the chemical
composition and chemical
properties of the
substances.
 Characteristics of chemical
changes
oNew substances are formed
oChemical composition and chemical properties of the new
substances are different from the original substance
oNeed large amount of energy
oThe changes are irreversible
 NAME THE CHANGES!
SCENARIO
▪ Umm! A student removes a loaf of bread hot from the oven. The
student cuts a slice off the loaf and spreads butter on it.

PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL CHANGE?

▪ Physical

EVIDENCE?
▪ No change in substances.
▪ No unexpected color change, temperature change or gas given off.
You forgot to dry the bread knife
when you washed it and reddish
brown spots appeared on it.

A straight piece of wire is coiled to form a spring.

Chewing food to break it down into smaller
particles represents a _________ change, but
the changing of starch into sugars by enzymes
in the digestive system represents a
___________change.

In baking biscuits and other quick breads, the

baking powder reacts to release carbon dioxide
bubbles. The carbon dioxide bubbles cause the
dough to rise
Teaching Demonstration 2
 Chapter 5
Chemical and Physical Changes
 Physical change
The crowd gathers at a safe distance and the cameras from the
news media are rolling. A sense of excitement, fear, and
anticipation fills the air. The demolition experts are making
their final inspections. Then, in just a few seconds, the old
stadium becomes a pile of rubble. The appearance of the
stadium changed.
What is physical change? Most matter can undergo physical
change. A physical change is any change in size, shape, form, or
state where the identity of the matter stays the same. Only the
physical properties change. The stadium in Figure 12
underwent a physical change from its original form to a pile of
steel and concrete. The materials are the same; they just look
different. How can you recognize a physical change? Just look
to see whether or not the matter has changed size, shape,
form, or state. If you cut a watermelon into chunks, the
watermelon has changed size and shape. That’s a physical
change. If you pop one of those chunks into your mouth and
bite it, you have changed the watermelon’s size and shape
again.
Change of State Matter can undergo a physical change in another
way, too. It can change from one state to another. Suppose it’s a
hot day. You and your friends decide to make snow cones. A snow
cone is a mixture of water, sugar, food coloring, and flavoring. The
water in the snow cone is solid, but in the hot sunshine, it begins to
warm. When the temperature of the water reaches its melting
point, the solid water begins to melt. The chemical composition of
the water—two hydrogens and one oxygen—does not change.
However, its form changes. This is an example of a physical change.
The solid water becomes a liquid and drips onto the sidewalk. As
the drops of liquid sit in the sunshine, the water changes state
again, evaporating to become a gas. Water also can change from a
solid to liquid by melting
 Chemical Changes
Unprotected cars driven on salted roads and steel structures
can begin to rust after only a few winters. A shiny copper
penny becomes dull and dark. An apple left out too long begins
to turn brown. What do all these changes have in common?
Each of these changes is a chemical change. A chemical change
occurs when one type of matter changes into a different type
of matter with different properties.
Examples of Chemical Change Chemical changes are going on
around you—and inside you—every day. Plants use
photosynthesis to produce food—the product of chemical
changes. When you eat fruits and vegetables produced by
photosynthesis, these products must be chemically changed
again so that the cells in your body can use them as food.
There are many chemical changes occurring outside of your
body, too. Silver tarnishing, copper forming a green coating,
iron rusting, and petroleum products combusting are all
examples of chemical changes that are occurring around you.
Although these reactions may be occurring at different rates
and producing different products, they are still examples of
chemical changes.
New Materials Are Formed Ice melts, paper is cut, metal is
hammered into sheets, and clay is molded into a vase. Seeing signs
of these physical changes is easy—something changes shape, size,
form, or state. The only sure way to know whether a chemical
change has occurred is if a new type of matter is formed that is
chemically different from the starting matter. A chemical change
cannot be reversed easily. For example, when wood burns, you see
it change to ash and gases that have properties that are different
from the wood and oxygen that burned. You can’t put the ash and
gases back together to make wood. When the cake is baked,
changes occur that make the cake batter become solid. The
chemical change that occurs when baking powder mixes with water
results in bubbles that make the cake rise. Raw egg in the batter
undergoes changes that make the egg solid. These changes cannot
be reversed.
Signs of Chemical Change In these examples, you know that a
chemical change occurred because you can see that a new
substance forms. It’s not always easy to tell when new
substances are formed. What are other signs of chemical
change? One sign of a chemical change is the release or
absorption of energy in the form of light, heat, or sound.
Release of energy is obvious when something burns—light and
heat are given off. Sometimes an energy change is so small or
slow that it is difficult to notice, like when something rusts.
Another sign that indicates a chemical change is the formation
of a gas or a solid that is not the result of a change of state.
 Chemical and Physical Changes in Nature
Physical Weathering Some physical changes occur quickly. Others
take place over a long time. Physical weathering is a physical
change that is responsible for much of the shape of Earth’s surface.
Examples also can be found in your own school yard. All of the soil
that you see comes from physical weathering. Wind and water
erode rocks, breaking them into small bits. Water fills cracks in
rocks. When it freezes and thaws several times, the rock splits into
smaller pieces. No matter how small the pieces of rock are, they
are made up of the same things that made up the bigger pieces of
rock. The rock simply has undergone a physical change. Gravity,
plants, animals, and the movement of land during earthquakes also
help cause physical changes on Earth.
Chemical Weathering Cave formations form by chemical
weathering. As drops of water drip through the rocks above
this cavern room, minerals become dissolved in the water.
These icicle shapes, or stalactites, are formed when the water
evaporates leaving the mineral deposits. There are instances of
unnatural chemical weathering. The acid in acid rain can
chemically weather marble buildings and statues, and other
outdoor objects.
IN CONCLUSION…………….
TO HAVE EFFECTIVE LEARNING:

Teacher must decide teaching strategy

Use combination of teaching strategy

Make sure to use assessment to evaluate student

level of understanding
ANY QUESTION??