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Induced Polarization

1. Induced polarization (IP) is an effect caused by certain minerals in porous materials that temporarily store electric charge when a current is applied. After the current is shut off, the stored charge redistributes itself, generating a small voltage decay over milliseconds to seconds. 2. IP measurements involve applying an alternating current and measuring the voltage both with current on and after it is turned off. The chargeability is calculated from the decaying voltage and indicates how well a material can store charge. 3. IP effects depend on factors like mineral grain size, concentration, and pore space geometry. Larger-grained materials have longer characteristic decay times than finer-grained ones. IP phase and amplitude measurements are used in

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406 views20 pages

Induced Polarization

1. Induced polarization (IP) is an effect caused by certain minerals in porous materials that temporarily store electric charge when a current is applied. After the current is shut off, the stored charge redistributes itself, generating a small voltage decay over milliseconds to seconds. 2. IP measurements involve applying an alternating current and measuring the voltage both with current on and after it is turned off. The chargeability is calculated from the decaying voltage and indicates how well a material can store charge. 3. IP effects depend on factors like mineral grain size, concentration, and pore space geometry. Larger-grained materials have longer characteristic decay times than finer-grained ones. IP phase and amplitude measurements are used in

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GLE 594: An introduction to

applied geophysics

Induced Polarization

Fall 2007
What is IP?
• An effect caused by certain types of minerals in
porous materials that become polarized, or
temporarily store charge.
• When current is shut off, rather than immediately
returning to zero, the voltage decays slowly to zero
over a matter of milliseconds to seconds.
IP Basics
• Essentially it is a surface phenomenon that causes charge storage
• When current switches off, stored charge redistributes itself
which generates small transient voltage
• Works best:
• if material causing the effect is disseminated.
• if material has decreasing porosity
• if material has decreasing salinity of pore fluid.

• In terms of our circuit


model, can think of IP I V
effect as some type of
charge storage device
(capacitors - Warburg
Impedance) in parallel with
resistors.
IP Mechanisms
Membrane Polarization
• Membrane polarization occurs
when pore space narrows to
within several boundary layer
thicknesses
• Charges accumulate when an
electric field is applied
• Result is a net charge dipole
which adds to any voltage
measured at the surface
• After current is turned off,
charge dissipates generating
voltage
IP Mechanisms
Electrode Polarization
• Electrode polarization occurs
when pore space is blocked
by metallic particles. Again
charges accumulate when an
electric field is applied
• The result is two electrical
double layers which add to
the voltage measured at the
surface
• After current is turned off,
charge again dissipates
generating voltage
Time Domain IP Measurement
• Measurement Procedure
• Current waveform: modified square wave with a f = 0.01 to
100 Hz.
• Two different sets of measurements are made:
• Current is still on (V0). This is the normal DC resistivity response
• At one or multiple times after current has been turned off

(Reynolds 1997)
Time Domain IP Measurement
• Types of Measurements
• Polarizability
• Make measurement of Vp
immediately after turn-off.
• h=100· Vp/V0

• Chargeability
• Integral of the decaying transient
t 2
1
• M   V (t )dt
V0 t1

• Spectral Time Domain Measurements


• Make measurements at a number of time.
• i.e., V(t1), V(t2), V(t3)….

(Reynolds 1997)
Frequency Domain IP Measurements
• Measurement Procedure
• Current is a sinusoidal or standard square wave of frequency 0.01 to
100 Hz.
• Measure voltage amplitude at single frequency and at least one other
parameter depending on measurement type.
Frequency Domain IP Measurements
• Types of Measurements
• Percent Frequency Effect (PFE)
• Make amplitude measurements at
two different frequencies and
calculate apparent resistivities.
• PFE=100·(r2-r1)/r1 [%]
T
• Phase
• Make amplitude measurement as t
well as a phase measurement
between current and voltage.
• f= 2p(t/T) [rad]

• Spectral Measurements
• Make amplitude and phase
measurements at multiple frequencies.
IP Rock Properties
• Experiments have found that
often the IP impedance that
rocks exhibit obey a ‘Cole-
Cole’ model:
 1 
| Z ( ) | r 0 1  M 1  
c
 1  i   

– M is chargeability – ability to
1. Porphyry
store charge Copper (low
concentration)
– τ is a time constant: Depends on
2. Porphyry
grain size distribution Copper (high
concentration)
– c is constant also depending on 3. Magnetite
grain size 4. Pyrrhotite
– ω is radial frequency 5. Massive
Sulphide
6. Graphite

(Reynolds 1997)
Dependence on Grain Size

• As mentioned previously, 
and c are proposed to be
dependent on grain size
• Note ‘correlation’ in terms
of grain size and ‘sharp
peaks’.
• Main use in the future may
be in determining grain-size
distribution parameters such
as permeability

(Reynolds 1997)
DC/IP Measurement System

Transmitter Receiver
• AC Power Supply • Voltmeter
– More power than DC • Precision clock
– Precision wave form • Waveform detector
generator.
Referencing
• Ammeter
• Precision clock

•Metal electrodes •Electrodes


•Special metal alloys
•Porous Pots
Measurement Electrodes
• Metals
• Most metals will start to corrode or produce oxide and other compounds.
These reactions produce noisy electrical signals.
• Some metal alloys (e.g, Braided tin-copper alloy) have shown to not react
much, thus less noise. Problem: electrode polarization…
• Active area of research.
Metal
• Porous pot
• Involves immersing a metal in a salt solution where the
salt contains ions of the metal.
• Because solution is same as metal, minimal chemical
reactions.
• Ionic contact provided to earth through porous ceramic.
Metal-Salt
Solution
Ceramic Cup
Noise in IP measurements
• Due to very small signal levels of IP effect, these
measurements are much more susceptible to noise
compared to standard DC measurements.
– Electrode Effects
– Cultural effects
– Tellurics
– Self potentials
• Fluid flow
• Chemical reactions
– EM coupling
Arrays and EM Coupling
• Proper choice of array is critical for good IP data quality
• Have to keep frequency times the square of the array length
small
• Also don’t want wires close to each other
ds r dS
V I B
a b A

Good IP array s
r dS I
A a V ds b B

Bad IP array s
Rio Nuevo Landfill (Alumbaugh)
• Landfills in Tucson were often
located wherever there was a
good deep arroyo outside of
town.

• Problem is that many of these


landfills are now prime real-
estate.
Rio Nuevo Landfill (Alumbaugh)
• A test was
conducted in 1998
to determine the
applicability of
geophysics for
locating buried
waste.
• A series of test
borings showed
high correlation
between IP high’s
and waste.
Rio Nuevo Landfill (Alumbaugh)
• A full 3D survey
was then
commissioned
which.
• Detected not only
waste, but also
pockets of clay
fill.
Mineral Exploration/Geologic Mapping
• DC resistivity and
IP surveys have
long been
employed in
mineral
exploration.
• DC resistivity,
however, will often
have problems
when ore is
disseminated.
• In this example, the resistivity appears to be good in mapping
resistive overburden, and to a certain extent the faulting. However
ore is not delineated.
Mineral Exploration/Geologic Mapping
• The IP data is
much better in
detecting the ore,
as well as
highlighting the
faulting.

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