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Waste Stabilization Pond (WSP)

The waste stabilization pond system consists of an anaerobic pond, facultative pond, and maturation ponds in series. The anaerobic pond is designed with a volume of 13,462 m3 and retention time of 1.35 days to achieve 56% BOD removal. The 71,300 m2 facultative pond has a retention time of 10.7 days. Three maturation ponds totaling 46,667 m2 are needed to reduce fecal coliform to less than 1000 per 100 mL. The overall system is designed to reduce the 350 mg/L inlet BOD to 1.6 mg/L.

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534 views36 pages

Waste Stabilization Pond (WSP)

The waste stabilization pond system consists of an anaerobic pond, facultative pond, and maturation ponds in series. The anaerobic pond is designed with a volume of 13,462 m3 and retention time of 1.35 days to achieve 56% BOD removal. The 71,300 m2 facultative pond has a retention time of 10.7 days. Three maturation ponds totaling 46,667 m2 are needed to reduce fecal coliform to less than 1000 per 100 mL. The overall system is designed to reduce the 350 mg/L inlet BOD to 1.6 mg/L.

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vishnumani3011
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WASTE STABILIZATION POND

(WSP)
WASTE STABILIZATION POND
(WSP)

Advantages:
Simplicity
 simple to construct

 simple to operate and maintain

 only unskilled labour is needed


Low Cost
 cheaper than other wastewater treatment
processes
 no need for expensive equipment

High Efficiency
 BOD removals > 90%

 Total nitrogen removals is 70-90%

 Total phosphorus removal is 30-45%

 Efficient in removing pathogens


Types of WSP

 Anaerobic pond
 Facultative pond
 Maturation pond
Anaerobic Pond

 2-5 m deep
 Receive high organic loading (usually >
100 g BOD/m3 d) – contain no dissolved
oxygen and no algae
 Primary function is BOD removal
 Retention times are short (e.g. 1 day)
Facultative Pond

 1-2 m deep
 Two types:
1. Primary Facultative Pond
– receive raw wastewater.
2. Secondary Facultative Pond
– receive settled wastewater
(e.g. effluent from anaerobic pond)
 The primary function is the removal of
BOD
3 zone exist:

 A surface zone where aerobic bacteria and algae


exist in a symbiotic relationship. The algae
provide the bacteria with oxygen and the
bacteria provide the algae with carbon dioxide.

 An anaerobic bottom zone in which accumulated


solids are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria.

 An intermediate zone that is partly aerobic and


partly anaerobic in which the decomposition of
organic wastes is carried out by facultative
bacteria.
Maturation Pond

 1-1.5 m deep
 Receive the effluent from a facultative
pond
 Primary function is the removal of
pathogens
BOD Removal

 in anaerobic ponds BOD removal is achieved by


sedimentation of settleable solids

 in secondary facultative ponds that receive


settled water (anaerobic pond effluent), the
remaining non-settleable BOD is oxidized by
heterotrophic bacteria

 in primary facultative ponds (receive raw


wastewater), the above functions of anaerobic
and secondary facultative ponds are combined

 in maturation ponds only a small amount of


BOD removal occurs
Pathogen Removal
Bacteria
 Faecal bacteria are mainly removed in
facultative and especially maturation ponds
 The principal mechanism for faecal bacteria
removal are:
1- Time and temperature
- Faecal bacteria die-off in ponds increase
with both time and temperature
2- High pH
- Faecal bacteria (except Vibrio Cholerae) die
very quickly (within minutes) at pH>9
3- High light intensity
- Light of wavelength 425 – 700 nm can
damage faecal bacteria
Design of WSP
1. Anaerobic Pond
Volumetric BOD loading (g/m3d)

V  Li Q /  a ------- (1)

Where
Li = influent BOD, mg/L (=g/m3)
Q = flow, m3/d
 a = anaerobic pond volume, m3
V should lie between 100 and 400 g/m3d

to maintain anaerobic conditions


to avoid odour release

 The mean hydraulic retention time (HRT),


ta (day) is determined from:

ta  a / Q --------- (2)
Design values of permissible volumetric loading on and
percentage BOD removal in anaerobic ponds at various
temperatures

Temperature Volumetric BOD


(oC) loading (g/m3d) removal(%)

<10 100 40

10 – 20 20T – 100 2T + 20

>20 300 60*


2. Facultative Ponds
 Surface BOD loading ( s, kg.ha d)

s = 10LiQ/Af
------ (3)

where
Af = facultative pond area, m2
 The permissible BOD loading, s max

s max = 350 (1.107 – 0.002T)T-25 ----- (4)


Once a suitable value of  s has been
selected, the pond area is calculated
from equation (3) and its retention time
(tf, day) from:

tf = AfD/Q ---------- (5)

Where
D = pond depth, m
Q = wastewater flow, m3/day
3. Maturation Ponds

(a) Faecal Coliform Removal

The resulting equation for a single pond is:

Ne = Ni / (1 + kTt) -------- (6)


Where
Ne = number of FC per 100 mL of
effluent
Ni = number of FC per 100 mL of
influent
kT = first order rate constant for FC
removal, per day
t = retention time, day
for a series of anaerobic, facultative and
maturation ponds, equation (6) becomes:

Ni
Ne 
1  K T t a  1  K T t f (1  K T t m ) n --- (7)

Ne and Ni now refer to the numbers of FC


per 100 mL of the final effluent and raw
wastewater
 The value of kT is highly temperature
dependent.

kT = 2.6 (1.19)T-20 ---------- (8)


 Check the BOD effluent concentration, le

li --------- (9)
le 
K 1t  1

Where
le = BOD effluent concentration, mg/L
li = BOD influent concentration, mg/L
K1 = first order rate constant for BOD
removal, per day
t = retention time, day
 The value of K1 is highly temperature
dependent

K 1(T )  K 1( 20) T  20 ------ (10)

where
K1@ 20oC = 0.3 per day and
 = 1.05
For n ponds in series, BOD effluent can be
calculated as follows

li
le 
1  K t 1  K t 
1 f 1 m
n
------ (11)
Example

Design a waste stabilization pond


to treat 10,000 m3/day of a
wastewater which has a BOD of 350
mg/L and 1x108 FC per 100 mL. The
effluent should contain no more
than 1000 FC per 100 mL and 20
mg/L BOD. The design temperature
is 18oC.
Solution

(a) Anaerobic Ponds


From Table the design loading is given by:
v = 20T–100 = (20 x 18)-100 = 260 g/m3d

The pond volume is given by equation (1) as:

 a = LiQ/ v
= 350 x 10,000/260 = 13,462 m3
The retention time is given by equation (2)
as:

ta  a / Q = 13,462 /10,000 = 1.35 day

The BOD removal is given in Table as:

R = 2T + 20 = (2 x 18) + 20 = 56 percent
(b) Facultative Ponds
The design loading is given by equation (4)
as:

 s max = 350 (1.107 – 0.002T)T-25


= 350 (1.107 – 0.002T)T-25
= 350[1.107 – (0.002 x 18)]18-25
= 216 kg/ha d
Thus the area is given by equation (3) as:

s = 10LiQ / Af
Af = 10 x 0.44 x 350 x 10,000/216
= 71,300 m2
The retention time is given by equation (5) as:

tf = AfD/Q

Taking a depth of 1.5 m, this becomes:


tf = 71,300 x 1.5/10,000
= 10.7 day
(c ) Maturation Ponds

Faecal Coliform Removal


For 18oC the value of kT is given by equation
(8) as:

kT = 2.6 (1.19)T-20 = 2.6(1.19) -2 = 1.84 day-1


The value of Ne is given by equation (7):
Ni
Ne 
1  K T t a  1  K T t f (1  K T t m ) n
Taking tm = 7 days, this becomes:
108
Ne 
1  1.84  1.351  1.84  10.7  (1  1.84  7) n

For n = 1, Ne = 99957 > 1000 FC/100 mL


For n = 2, Ne = 7201 > 1000 FC/100 mL
For n = 3, Ne = 518 < 1000 FC/100 mL , OK
For a depth of 1.5 m, the area of the
maturation pond is

Am = Q tm /D
= 10,000 x 7/1.5
= 46,667 m2
BOD Removal

Anaerobic Pond: le = 0.44 x 350 mg/L = 154 mg/L


Facultative and Maturation Pond:
18 20
K 1(18)  0.3 x1.05  0.272 / day
li
le 
1  K t 1  K t 
1 f 1 m
n

154
le  = 1.6 mg/L
1  0.272  10.7 1  0.272  7  3

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