B.A.

(Mahayana Studies)
000-209 Introduction to Computer Science
November 2005 - March 2006

12. Logo (Part 1)

 An introduction to Logo:
drawing, moving, turning,
repetition, and basic procedures.
 Overview

 1. What is Logo?
 2. Installing Logo
 3. Basic Commands
 4. Drawing a Square
 5. More Commands
 6. The Repeat Command

continued
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  7. Procedures
 8. Circle and Square
 9. Drawing a Triangle
 10. Drawing a House
 11. Drawing a Checkboard
 12. MSW Logo Examples

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 1. What is Logo?

 A programming language developed at the MIT

Artificial Intelligence Lab
 MIT = Massachusetts Institute of Technology

 Logo is easy to learn, but powerful.

 Logo has been used in telecommunications,

multimedia, and robotics.

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 We're using MSW Logo,
2. Installing Logo but there are many other
Logo systems.

 MSW Logo Website:

 http://www.softronix.com/logo.html

 The set-up kit (Windows installer):

 http://www.softronix.com/download/mswlogo65.exe

 Tutorials
 The Great Logo Adventure
http://www.softronix.com/download/tgla.zip
 An Introduction to MSW Logo
http://www.southwest.com.au/~jfuller/logotut/menu.htm
continued
000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 5
  Double click on mswlogo65.exe to start the
installation.

 The program will be added to the start menu as

"Microsoft Windows Logo".
 called MSW Logo

 The MSWLogo directory contains an Examples/

folder (see end of these slides).
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 MSW Logo in Action
menus the turtle

status
window editor

turtle drawing
area

command command
box window

command input window

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 What is the Turtle?

 Originally, the turtle was a robot

that moved around the floor when the user typed
Logo commands into a computer.

 Today, it is a picture on the Logo drawing area

 in MSW Logo, the turtle is drawn as a triangle

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 8

 3. Basic Commands

 forward <number>
 the larger the number the farther the turtle will go
 if you use a large enough number, the turtle will walk
off the screen and wrap around to the other side
 e.g. forward 40

 back <number>
 the turtle will move backwards
 e.g. back 33

continued
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  right <number>
 the number is how many degrees the turtle will turn
right
 e.g. RIGHT 90
 turn the turtle to the right by 90 degrees.

 left <number>
 turns the turtle to the left

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 4. Drawing a Square type these commands into
the command input window,
pressing <enter> after each
command

forward 100
right 90
forward 100
right 90
forward 100
right 90
forward 100

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 Error Messages

 Your input:
forward 10 20

 Your input:
back

error
messages

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 5. More Commands

 penup
 causes the turtle to pick up its pen so that when it
moves no line is drawn

 pendown
 puts the pen back down so drawing starts again

continued
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  setpencolor <number>
 changes the colour of the turtle’s pen
 e.g. setpencolor 5
 make your turtle draw a pink line

MSW Logo has

command help
under "Index"

continued
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  clean
 clears the turtle's drawing area

 home
 moves the turtle back to the center of the drawing area

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 Example Using Setpencolor

forward 100
setpencolor 5
right 72
forward 100
setpencolor 14 Because the turtle
right 72 turned right
forward 100 72 degrees
setpencolor 3 5 times, it made
right 72 a pentagon
forward 100
setpencolor 2
right 72
forward 100

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 6. The Repeat Command

 Get the turtle to do things many times, by using

the repeat command.
 e.g. repeat 4 [forward 10]
 move the turtle forward 10 spaces, 4 times
 the turtle will move forward 40 spaces altogether

 In general, you type:

 repeat <number> [ <commands> ]

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 Draw a Square with Repeat

repeat 4 [forward 100 right 90]

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 Using Repeat

 1.What will the following command draw?

 repeat 3 [forward 100 left 120]

 2. Make a circle using the repeat command.

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 Answer 1: Draw a Triangle

repeat 3 [forward 100 left 120]

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 Answer 2: Draw a Circle

repeat 360 [forward 1 right 1]

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 7. Procedures

 Add a new command to Logo by writing a

procedure.

 to <name of your procedure>

<command 1>
<command 2> A procedure is a new
: command, built out of
end other commands

continued
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  For example:
 to square
repeat 4 [forward 100 right 90]
end

 The new command (procedure) is for drawing a

square
 it can be used just like other Logo commands

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 Typing in a Procedure

•A "To Mode" window

pops up after you type
to <name of procedure>

•You enter your

procedure line by line,
and type end or press
Cancel to finish.

continued
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 • After typing
repeat 4 [forward 100 right 90]
end

continued
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  Executing the procedure:
 square
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 A Circle Procedure

 The program:
 to circle
repeat 360 [forward 2 right 1]
end
 Test it out:
 circle

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 The Edall Button

 To add more procedures, or change one you've

already written, click on the Edall button.

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 Using Edall

 Enter a procedure for drawing a purple pentagon:

 to pentagon
setpencolor 10
repeat 5 [forward 75 right 72]
end

 In the Editor "File" menu, select "Save and Exit"

when you are finished.

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 A Pentagon

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 Saving Procedures

 If want to use the procedures some other time, you

should save them.

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 8. Circle and Square

 How would you write the procedure

circle_and_square to make a drawing that looks
like this?

 The triangle is the

position of the turtle
at the end of the
procedure.

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 Procedure

 to circle_and_square
home
clean
repeat 360 [forward 2 right 1]
forward 50
repeat 3 [left 90 forward 100]
left 90
forward 50
end
 Now change circle_and_square so it uses the
circle procedure.
continued
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 A procedure calls
another procedure.

circle_and_square
calls
circle

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 9. Drawing a Triangle

 We want a procedure that draws a triangle with a

flat base.

start

 This requires different turnings of the turtle:

120
3
0
9 120
0
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000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 36
 10. Drawing a House

 A simple house is a square with a

triangle on top of it.

 After drawing the square, the turtle

must move to the start of the triangle.

 After drawing the triangle, the turtle

must move back to its original position.

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 37

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 38
 Procedure Calls

square

house
calls
triangle

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 11. Drawing a Checkboard

 We're going to write a series of procedures that

help us make a checkboard.

 A checkboard is a series of columns.

 A column is a series of squares.
 A square is made from 4 corners.

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 Procedure Calls

 I'll write four procedures, that call each other in a

chain.

checkboard column square corner

calls

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 Drawing a Corner

 We want a procedure that draws a straight line,

then turns 90 degrees to the right.

 to corner
forward 20
right 90
end

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 42

 Where did the Turtle Go?

 hideturtle
 make the turtle invisible
 drawing still occurs, but with no turtle

 showturtle
 makes the turtle visible again

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 Drawing a Square with Corners

 A square is four
calls to corner:

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 Drawing a Column with Squares

 A column is eight squares, followed by the turtle

moving back to its starting position.

 After drawing a square, the turtle needs to move

up by 20 to get to the starting position for the
next square.
start

start
continued
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000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 46
 Drawing a Checkboard with Columns

 A Checkboard is eight columns.

 After drawing a column, the turtle

must move right to the starting position
for the next column.

 At the end of drawing the checkboard, the turtle

should move back to the lower-left corner of the
checkboard.
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000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 48
 12. MSW Logo Examples

Examples/Misc/curves.lgo continued
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 Examples/3D/Hilbert.lgo
continued
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 Examples/3D/solar.lgo
continued
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 Examples/Misc/clock.lgo

continued
000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 52
 Examples/Windows/calc.lgo

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 53