Signaling

Fundamentals for GSM

BSS

www.huawei.com

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 References
 HUAWEI BSS Signaling Analysis Guide

 GSM Spec 04.08 Mobile radio interface: Layer 3

specification

 GSM Spec 08.08 (MSC- BSC) interface: Layer 3

specification

 GSM Spec 08.58 (BSC - BTS) interface: Layer 3

specification

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 Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to

 Describe the classifications and structure of the signaling

system

 Understand basic idea of SS7

 Grasp the functional layers of SS7

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 Contents
1. Signaling Fundamentals

2. SS7 functional structure

3. Signaling and protocols in GSM

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 Contents
1. Signaling Overview
1.1 Signaling fundamentals

1.2 Signaling terminologies

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What is Signaling

 The exchange of information (other than by speech)

specifically concerned with the establishment, release

and other control of calls, and network management,

in automatic telecommunications operation

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Classifications of Signaling (UNI vs NNI)

UNI NNI UNI

Local Local
Exchange Exchange

 UNI: User to Network Interface (Subscriber

Signaling)

 NNI: Network to Network Interface

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Channel Associated Signaling
Trunk Channel (64 kb/s) Signaling capacity (2kb/s)

PCM

 CAS: Channel Associated Signaling

 CAS means that dedicated fixed signaling capacity is set
aside for each and every trunk in a fixed, pre-determined
way
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Common Channel Signaling
Traffic Channel (64 kb/s) Signaling Channel (64kb/s)

Signaling Channel

PCM
Traffic Channel

 CCS: Common Channel Signaling

 CCS refers to the situation in which the signaling capacity is

provided in a common pool, with the capacity being used as
and when necessary
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Advantages of CCS
 CCS has evolved to address the limitations of the CAS
signaling method. CCS has the following advantages over
CAS
 Much faster call set-up time

 Greater flexibility

 Capacity to evolve

 More cost effective than CAS

 Greater call control

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Disadvantages of CCS
 CCS has the following disadvantages in comparison to CAS
 CCS links can be a single point of failure—a single link can
control thousands of voice circuits, so if a link fails and no
alternative routes are found, thousands of calls could be lost

 There is no inherent testing of speech path by call set-up

signaling, so elaborate Continuity Test procedures are required

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 Contents
1. Signaling Overview
1.1 Signaling fundamentals

1.2 Signaling terminologies

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Basic Terminologies about
Signaling
Signaling Network

 Signaling Point and Signaling Point Code

 Signaling Link and Signaling Link Set

 Signaling Mode:
 Associated

 Quasi-associated

 Non-associated

 Signal Unit

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SS7 network
SS7 Network
SS7

Mobile PLMN
GSM

PSTN

PSTN

SS7 Network is a logically independent network from the

different telecom networks and dedicated for transferring
Signaling message.
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Elements of Signaling Network
SP: Signaling Point

STP: Signaling Transfer Point

SL: Signaling Link

STP1 STP2

SP1 SP2

STP3 STP4

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SP and STP

 Signaling Point (SP): SS7 network nodes are called

signaling points, which generates and terminates the

Signaling information

 Signaling Transfer Point (STP): A Signal Transfer Point is

responsible for the transfer of SS7 messages between

other SS7 nodes, acting somewhat like a router in an IP

network

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SL and SLS
 Signaling Link (SL): SPs are connected to each other by
signaling links over which signaling takes place. The
bandwidth of a signaling link is normally 64 K bit/s
 Signaling Link Set (SLS): Links between two SPs are
logically grouped for administrative and load-sharing reasons.
A logical group of links between two SPs is called a link set

Signaling Link Set

Link 0
Link 1
SPa … SPb
Link n

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Signaling Link Code
 Signaling Link Code (SLC)
 To provide more bandwidth and/or for redundancy, up to 16
links between two SPs can be used. Thus the SLC is allocated
to each SL to identify those Signaling Links

 SLC is a 4-digit binary Code and the value range is from 0 to

15

Link Set 0 Link Set 1

SPa o o SPb
1
1 SP 2

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Signaling Point Code
 In the SS7 network, each Signaling Point (SP) is addressed by an integer

called a Signaling Point Code

 The worldwide signaling network has two functionally independent levels:

 International network, which uses a 14-bit PC
 National network, also uses a 14-bit PC--except North America and China,
which use an incompatible 24-bit PC, and Japan, which uses a 16-bit SPC

 The national SPC is unique only within a particular operator's national

network. Other operator networks (if they exist) within a country also could

have the same SPC and also might share the same SPC as that used on

the international network

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OPC and DPC
 OPC (Originating Point Code): The OPC identifies which
node originated the Signaling message

 DPC (Destination Point Code): The DPC identifies which

node terminated the Signaling message

STP

OSP DSP

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Signaling Modes
 The signaling relationship that exists between two
communicating SS7 nodes is called the signaling mode.
There are 2 signaling modes used in SS7 network
 Link in associated mode means the origination and
destination nodes are directly connected by a single link set

 Link in quasi-associated mode means the message must

pass over two or more link sets and through an intermediate
node STP
SP SP
Associated mode
Speech Channel SP SP
Signaling Channel
Quasi-associated mode

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Signal Unit (SU)
 The SS7 network encapsulates and transfers signaling
messages into variable-length SS7 packets. Those SS7
packets are called signal units (SUs)

 The SU length is variable and composed of several 8-bits.

Those each 8-bit digits are called Octet

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 Questions
 Please list the basic features (at least three) of the CCS
Signaling system

 Please list all the three components of the SS7 network

 Please list the difference between the two Signaling Modes

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 Contents
1. Signaling Fundamentals

2. SS7 functional structure

3. Signaling and protocols in GSM

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 Contents
2. SS7 functional structure
2.1 Overview of SS7

2.2 SS7 Signaling Unit formats

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Functional Components of SS7
UP1 UP2 … UP n UP: User Part

MTP MTP: Message Transfer

Part

 The SS7 has a protocol stack combination containing

different functional part, which depends on whether SS7 is
used for services such as cellular service or intelligent
network service
 Since 1980s the CCS7 has been defined as a Message
Transfer Part for transport plus several User parts for
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Basic Structure of SS7
Basically, SS7 has two types of
functional
components: UP UP

 Message Transfer Part

The MTP protocol is SS7’s native
MTP MTP
means of packet transport, which
SP1 SP2
Provides a reliable transport system
 for upper
User User Parts.
Parts

Responsible for Signaling message generating and processing

of specific services

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 Comparison between SS7 and OSI
Stack
Application
Part User Application Layer 7
Part
TCAP

Presentation

Session

Transport

Level 4

SCCP Network
Layer 3
Level 3

Level 2 MTP Data Link Layer 2

Level 1 Physical Layer 1

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SS7 Layered Structure

INAP OMAP MAP

BSSAP
User Part
ISUP TUP
TCAP B-ISUP

Level 4
SCCP

Level 3

Level 2 MTP

Level 1

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SS7 Standards

 MTP: Q701-Q710

 SCCP: Q711-Q715

 TUP: Q721-Q725

 ISUP: Q761-Q768

 TCAP: Q771-Q773

 MAP: ETSI 9.02

 OMAP: Q781-Q787

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SS7 Functional Component-MTP
The MTP comprises the
functions to transport information
from one SP to another. User
part

Network Layer (MTP-3) MTP-3

Data Link layer (MTP-2) MTP-2

Physical Layer (MTP-1) MTP-1

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SS7 Functional Component-MTP
 Signaling Data Link Layer (MTP1):
 This level defines the physical characteristics of the data
transmission medium and the means to access it. The
physical level is carried by the Signaling data link on a PCM
Timeslot.

 Signaling Link Layer (MTP2):

 MTP2 ensures reliable transfer of signaling messages. It
encapsulates signaling messages into variable-length SS7
packets. SS7 packets are called signal units (SUs). MTP2
provides delineation of SUs, alignment of SUs, signaling link
error monitoring, error correction by retransmission, and flow
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control.
SS7 Functional Component-MTP
 The Signaling Network Layer (MTP3) performs two
functions:
 Signaling Message Handling -- Delivers incoming messages
to their intended User Part and routes outgoing messages
toward their destination.

 Signaling Network Management -- Monitors link sets and

route sets, providing status to network nodes so that traffic
can be rerouted when necessary.

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SS7 functional component-SCCP
The SCCP performs the following functions:

 Provides enhanced routing function which is called global

title (GT) routing.

 Extends the user parts supported by MTP.

 Provides additional features are used to support non

circuit-related signaling which are widely used in cellular
networks .

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SS7 functional component-TCAP
TCAP performs the following functions:
 TCAP allows applications (called subsystems) to communicate with
each other (over the SS7 network) using agreed-upon data
elements. These data elements are called components.
Components can be viewed as instructions sent between
applications. For example, when a subscriber changes VLR location
in a global system for mobile communication (GSM) cellular network,
his or her HLR is updated with the new VLR location by means of an
Update Location component.
MTP SCCP
TCAP MSG MAP MSG
MSG MSG

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SS7 functional component-MAP
MAP performs the following functions:

 The MAP is used to define the operations between the network

components (such as MSC, BTS, BSC, HLR, VLR, EIR, MS, and

SGSN/GGSN in GPRS). This involves the transfer of information between

the components using non circuit-related signaling. MAP signaling

enables location updating, handover, roaming functionality, authentication,

incoming call routing, and SMS. MAP specifies a set of services and the

information flows between GSM components to implement these services.

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 Contents
2. SS7 functional structure
2.1 Overview of SS7

2.2 SS7 Signaling Unit formats

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Signal Unit types
There are three types of Signal Units (SU), each with its own

functions:

 Message Signal Unit (MSU): MSUs carry the meaningful signaling

information (or messages) between different user parts.

 Link status signal unit (LSSU): LSSU indicates the link status to remote

Signaling point

 Fill-in signal unit (FISU): Only presents when there are no LSSUs or

MSUs to be sent. Sending FISUs ensures 100 percent link occupancy by

SUs at all times.

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Signal Unit format

F CK SIF SIO LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F

MSU
8 16 8n(n≥2) 8 2 6 1 7 1 7 8 Sending Forward

F CK SF LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F

8 16 8 2 6 1 7 1 7
LSSU
8 Sending Forward

F CK LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F

8 16 2 6 1 7 1 7
FISU
8 Sending Forward

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Fields in Signal Unit
Field Length in bits Description
Flag 8 A pattern of 011111110 to indicate the start and end of an SU.

BSN 7 Backward sequence number. Identifies the last correctly received SU.

Backward indicator bit. Toggled to indicate an error with the received

BIB 1
SU.

FSN 7 Forward sequence number. Identifies each transmitted SU.

Forward indicator bit. Toggled to indicate the retransmission of an SU

SIB 1
that was received in error by the remote SP.

Length indicator. Indicates how many octets reside between itself and
LI 6
the CRC field.

CK 16 Check bits. Uses CRC-16 to detect transmission errors.

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SF in LSSU
 Status Field (SF) provides status messages in the LSSU only.
 SF:

CBA State Indication Meaning

000 Out of Alignment Link not aligned; attempting alignment

001 Normal Alignment Link is aligned

010 Emergency Alignment Link is aligned

011 Out of Service Link out of service; alignment failure

100 Processor Outage MTP2 cannot reach MTP3

101 Busy MTP2 congestion

110/111 Reserved N/A

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SIO in MSU
 SIO: Service Information Octet

 Used only in MSU to indicate type of messages. It

contains two sub-fields called SI and NI.

The Network Indicator (NI) The Service Indicator (SI)

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SIF in MSU

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Signal unit format of MTP2

 The Length Indicator (LI) can be used to identify different

SUs :
 LI＝0 FISU

 LI＝1 or 2 LSSU

 LI>2 MSU

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General Functions of SCCP

TCAP UP X UP Y

S
Connectionless Connection- SCCP
C oriented Control Management
Control
C
P
SCCP Routing Control

M
T MTP - 3
P

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Network Management Function of SCCP
 The SCCP provides two categories of service for data
transfer: connection-oriented services and
connectionless services. Within each service category,
two classes of service are defined as follows:
 Class 0 -- Basic connectionless class

 Class 1 -- In-sequence delivery connectionless class

 Class 2 -- Basic connection-oriented class

 Class 3 -- Flow control connection-oriented class

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SCCP: network management function
 Connectionless Protocol contains Class 0 and Class 1:
 Class 0 provides a basic connectionless service and has no
sequencing control. therefore, SCCP messages can be delivered
out of sequence. Class 0 can be considered a pure
connectionless service.

 Class 1 service adds sequence control to the Class 0 service by

requiring the SCCP to insert the same SLS field for all NSDUs
that have the same Sequence Control parameter. Therefore
Class 1 is an enhanced connectionless service that provides
basic in sequence delivery of NSDUs.

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SCCP: network management function
 Connection-oriented protocol contains Class 2 and
Class 3
 Class 2 provides a basic connection-oriented service by
assigning local reference numbers to create a logical
connection. Messages that belong to the same connection are
assigned same SLS value to ensure sequencing. Class 2 does
not provide flow control, loss, or mis-sequence detection.

 Class 3 is an enhanced connection-oriented service that offers

detection of both message loss and mis-sequencing (for each
connection section).

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SCCP Routing Control
 The following are different types of network addressing
that SCCP supports
 Signaling Point Code (SPC) routing

 Subsystem Number (SSN) routing

 Global Title (GT) routing

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Signal format of SCCP message
 SCCP message is encapsulated in the MTP’s MSU. From MSU’s
point of view, SCCP message is it’s own SIF fields. It contains the
following
 Routing Label: contains OPC, DPC, SLS

 Message Type: Used to identify different types of SCCP message

 Fixed Mandatory Part: all the mandatory fixed length parameters

 Variable Mandatory Part: all the mandatory variable parameters

 Optional Part: all the optional parameters in the message

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 Questions
 1.SS7 consists of a ________ part as a transport system and
several _______ supporting a specific application, which
are__________, ___________, ___________, ____________,
___________, ____________.
 2.There are three types of SUs, each with its own format:
___________, the ____________, and the____________ .
Among which, only _________ is the one that carries the
signaling information, and the information is contained in fields
such as _________ and _________. We can easily identify the
Signal Units by the_________ fields.

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 Contents
1. Signaling Fundamentals

2. SS7 functional structure

3. Signaling and protocols in GSM

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 Contents
3. Signaling in GSM network
3.1 A interface

3.2 Abis interface

3.3 Um interface

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Signaling Architecture in GSM

MS BTS BSC MSC

CM CM
BSSAP
MM MM

BSSMAP
RR RR BSSMAP

L3
RR BTSM BTSM
SCCP SCCP
L2 LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD

Sign. Sign. MTP MTP

Sign. Sign.
L1 Layer1 Layer1 Layer1 Layer1

Um Abis A

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 Protocol architecture on A interface
To air interface To other To other
transmission processes application
equipments within BSC e.g. call control
Operation and
Operation and Maintenance
Maintenance information for
BSSAP BSSAP
information for PLMN O&M
PLMN O&M centre
DTAP BSSMAP centre DTAP BSSMAP

BSS BSS
Distribution Function Distribution Function
OMAP OMAP

SCCP SCCP

MTP MTP
A-Interface
BSS MSC

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BSSAP on A interface

Distribution

SCCP

 On the A interface, an application part known as the BSSAP

is used. BSSAP can be further separated into the base
station subsystem management application part (BSSMAP)
and the direct transfer application part (DTAP).

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Distribution function in BSSAP
 The distribution sub-layer performs the following
functions
 To discriminate DTAP and BSSMAP messages

 To distribute the DTAP messages to radio link L2 access

point

 To converge the DTAP messages received from radio link

L2 to A-interface signaling link

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BSSAP Functional Structure

DTAP MSC/VLR

MM+CM(CC, SS, SMS)

RR BSSMAP

BSC

RR

BTS

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Functions of DTAP and BSSMAP
 The Direct Transfer Application Part is used to transfer Call Control (CC)
and Mobility Management (MM) messages to and from the MS. These
messages are transferred via the A-interface in the format shown but the
information in these messages are not interpreted by the BSS at all,
except in one case
 The actual messages are defined in GSM Recommendation 04.08, of these
messages the Radio Resource (RR) Management type are not transferred
over the A-interface.

 The BSSMAP supports all procedures between the MSC and BSS that
require interpretation and processing of information related to single calls
and resource management.
 There are a total of 18 procedures defined in GSM recommendations 08.08
which can be defined into two types.

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 Contents
3. Signaling in GSM network
3.1 A interface

3.2 Abis interface

3.3 Um interface

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Protocol architecture on Abis interface

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Functional layers on Abis interface
 The following describes the Abis interface protocol model:
 Layer 1 on the Abis interface is a bottom-layer driver based on the hardware. It
transfers data to the physical link.

 The layer 2 protocol on the Abis interface is based on the LAPD. The LAPD uses
different logical links for message transmissions. Radio signaling links (RSL)
transmit service management messages. Operation and maintenance links (OML)
transmit network management messages.

 RR messages are mapped onto the BSSAP by the BSC. Most RR messages are
transparently transmitted by the BTS, except for some messages that must be
interpreted and executed.

 Neither the BSC nor the BTS interprets Connection Management (CM)
messages and Mobility Management (MM) messages. These messages are
transmitted on the A interface by the Direct Transfer Application Part (DTAP). On
the Abis interface, DTAP messages are transmitted as transparent messages.

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LAPD on Abis interface
 The data link layer (L2) on the Abis interface uses the LAPD
protocol. It receives data from the physical layer (L1) and
provides connection-oriented or connectionless services for L3.
The Service Access Point (SAP) of L2 is the connection point for
providing services for L3. It is identified by an SAPI. A data link
connection endpoint is identified by a data link connection
endpoint identifier or a data link connection identifier (DLCI) from
the perspective of L2 or L2, respectively.

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Layer 3 on Abis interface
 L3 traffic management messages on the Abis interface enables
the MS to exchange information with the BSS or NSS on the
Um interface and to perform some radio resource management
functions under the control of the BSC.
 Radio link layer management messages that are used to manage
the data link layer on radio channels

 Dedicated channel management messages that used to manage

dedicated channels such as the SDCCH and TCH

 Common control channel management messages that are used to

manage common control channels

 TRX management messages that are used to manage TRXs

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 Contents
3. Signaling in GSM network
3.1 A interface

3.2 Abis interface

3.3 Um interface

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Physical layer of Um interface
 The Um interface lies between an MS and the BTS. It is used
for the inter-working between the MS and the fixed part of the
GSM system. The links on the Um interface are radio links. The
Um interface transmits the information about radio resource
management, mobility management, and connection
management.

transmission

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LAPD layer of Um interface
 The data link layer (L2) is the middle layer on the Um interface. It
uses the LAPDm protocol. It defines various data transmission
structures for controlling data transmission.

 L2 provides reliable dedicated data links between an MS and the

BTS. It uses the LAPDm protocol that evolves from the LAPD
protocol. The SAP of L2 is the connection point for providing
services for L3. An SAP is identified by an SAPI. Each SAP is
associated with one or multiple DLCEPs. Currently, two SAPI
values, 0 (main signaling) and 3 (short messages), are defined in
the LAPDm protocol.

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Layer 3 of Um interface
 The L3 entity consists of many functional program blocks. These
program blocks transfer message units between all L3 entities
and between L3 and its adjacent layers. L3 performs the
following functions
 Establishing, operating, and releasing dedicated radio channels (RR)

 Performing location update, authentication, and TMSI reallocation

(MM)

 Establishing, maintaining, and terminating circuit-switched calls (CC)

 Supporting supplementary services (SS)

 Supporting short messages service (SMS)

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 Summary
 In this course, we have learnt:
 Basics of signaling

 Main functional layers of SS7

 Applications of SS7 in GSM network

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Thank you
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