INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

OLED TECHNOLOGY
ECN-391

by Surendra Mani Kumar

16116043
Content

• Introduction
• History
• Structure of OLED
• Working
• Types of OLED
• OLED Features and Advantages
• OLED Disadvantages
• Conclusion
• References

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INTRODUCTION

• organic light emitting diode(OLED).

• Emerging Technology for displays in devices.

• Main principle behind OLED technology is

electroluminescence.
• Electroluminescence is the process in which the material
emits light in response to the electric field applied across it.

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What is an OLED?

• OLEDs are simple solid state devices composed of thin films

of organic molecules that is 100 to 500 nanometres thick.

• They emits light with the application of voltage.

• They doesn’t require any backlight. i.e., they are self

emitting.

• They are made from carbon and hydrogen.

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History

• A.Bernanose and his co-workers at the Nancy-University in France made

the first observations of electroluminescence in organic materials in the
early 1950s.
• Martin Pope and his co-workers at New York University developed ohmic
dark-injecting electrode contacts to organic crystals in 1960.
• These contacts are the basis for the charge injection in all modern OLED
devices.
• The first OLED device was developed by Eastman Kodak in 1987.

• In 1996, pioneer produced the world’s first commercial PMOLED.

• In 2000, many companies like Motorola, LG etc developed various

displays.

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STRUCTURE OF OLED
• The components in an OLED
differ according to the number of
layers of the organic material .
• There is a basic single layer
OLED, two layer, three layer and
also multiple layer OLED’s.
• As the number of layers increase
the efficiency of the device also
increases.
• Any type of OLED consists of the
following components.

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OLEDS

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WORKING

• A voltage is applied across the anode and cathode.

• Current flows from cathode to anode through the organic layers.

• The electrons are injected into the LUMO near cathode and drawn from
the HOMO at the anode.

• Electrons flow to emissive layer from the cathode.

• Electrons are removed from conductive layer leaving holes.

• Holes jump into emissive layer .

• Electron and hole combine and light emitted.

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ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM

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Colour Generation

• Different approaches for fabricating red, green and blue

pixels.

- Red, green and blue individual pixels.

- White emitter and colour filters.

- Blue emitter and colour converters.

- Stacked OLED

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Colour Generation

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TYPES OF OLEDs

There are six types of OLEDs

Passive matrix OLED(PMOLED).

Active matrix OLED(AMOLED).

Transparent OLED(TOLED).

Top emitting OLED.

Flexible OLED(FOLED).

White OLED(WOLED).

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PMOLED

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PMOLED
• Passive-matrix OLEDs are particularly well suited for small-area display
applications, such as digital clocks and automotive audio applications.
• PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode.
• The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels.
• The more current that is applied, the more brighter the pixel becomes.
• PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other
types of OLED.

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AMOLED

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AMOLED

• AMOLED have full layers of cathode, organic molecule and anode, but
the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a
matrix.
• The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get
turned on to form an image
• The TFT array continuously controls the current that How’s to the pixels,
signalling to each pixel how brightly to shine.
• The AMOLEDs consumes significantly less power than PMOLED.
• The best uses for AMOLED are computer monitors, large screen TVs
and electronic signs or billboards.

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AMOLED

• Place a switching TFT at each pixel.

• Selected pixels stays on till next refresh cycle.
• Common cathode.

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FOLDABLE OLED
• Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or
plastics.
• Foldable OLEDs are very light weight and durable.
• Their use in devices such as cell phones.

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ADVANTAGES

• OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the LED or
LCD.
• It has deep black levels and high contrast ratio.
• Large fields of view, about 170 degrees.
• Can be made to larger sizes.
• Faster response time.
• Do not require backlighting like LCDs and LEDs.
• Foldable displays.
• Brighter.
• Wider colour gamut.

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DISADVANTAGES

• Expensive.
• Sensitive to water damage.
• OLED are not so good in sun light as they emit their own
light which is not effective when compared to the backlight
emitted by LCD’s.

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CONCLUSION

• OLEDs offer many advantages over both LEDs and LCDs.

• Organic Light Emitting Diodes are evolving as the next
generation displays.
• OLEDs refresh faster than LCDs, a device with OLED
display could change information almost in real time.
• Video images could be much more realistic and constantly
updated.

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REFERENCES

• 1) IEEE OLED technology and displays by Srećko Kunić and Zoran Šego
(2012)
• 2) OLED Displays Fundamentals and Applications by Takatoshi
Tsujimura (2012)
• 3) Fast Voltage-Programmed Pixel Architecture for AMOLED Displays
IEEE by Shahin J. Ashtiani (2010).
• 4) Pope, M.; Kallmann, H. P; Magnante, P. (1963). "Electroluminescence
in Organic Crystals".
• 5) Kallmann, H.; Pope, M. (1960). "Positive Hole Injection into Organic
Crystal.”

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