 Find the input impedance at Point “A” for the

given lossless line if

a) Z1 = 200 ohm, Z2 = 150 ohm
b) Z1 = Z2 = infinity
c) Z1 = Z2 = 0
d) Z1 = 0, Z2 = infinity

ANSWERS:
a) 298.786
b) Infinity
c) Zero
d) infinity
 A Distortionless line operating at 120 MHz has the parameters R=10 ohm/meter, L=0.9
microH/meter, C=21 picoF/meter. Find

i) The distance at which voltage drops by 20%.

ii) The distance at which phase shift suffers by 45 degree.

ANSWER:
i) 2.56 meter
ii) 0.24 meter
 A telephone line has the following parameters
R = 60 ohm/m
L = 0.3 microH/m
G = 600 microS/m
C = 0.75 nanoF/m
Find the distance at which voltage drops to 30 dB. Line is operating at 10 MHz.

Answer: 3.36 meter

 A lossless line has a voltage wave given by
𝑣 𝑧, 𝑡 = 10sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧)
The line has parameter L = 0.2microH/m, C = 0.5 nanoF/m. Find the corresponding
current wave.

Answer: I 𝑧, 𝑡 = 0.5sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧)

On a distortionless line voltage wave is
𝑣 𝑧, 𝑡 = 180𝑒 0.0025 𝑧 ∗ 𝐶𝑜 𝑠 108 𝑡 + 2𝑧 + 90𝑒 −0.0025 𝑧 ∗ 𝐶𝑜 𝑠 108 𝑡 − 2𝑧 V
Where Z is the distance from the load. The load impedance is 300 ohms. Find the
phase velocity and characteristics impedance.

Answer:
Phase velocity : 0.5 x 10^8 m/s
Characteristics Impedance : 100 ohms
 A lossless line ha the following parameter
𝑣𝑔 = 10∠0𝑜 𝑉
𝑍𝑔 = 50 − 𝑗40 Ω
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛽 = 0.25
𝑚
Determine the input impedance at the following points
i) Sending end
ii) Receiving end
iii) 4 m from the load
iv) 3 m from the source
ANSWER: i) j29.4 ohm, ii) j40 ohm, iii) –j3990 ohm, iv)
BHAVIN V KAKANI
Electronics & Communication Engineering Department
Institute of Technology, Nirma University
 Impedance transformation from the complex impedance plane to the
complex reflection coefficient plane.
 Representing constant resistance and constant reactance circles on
complex gamma- plane(reflection coefficient plane).
 Smith chart - Orthogonal impedance coordinate system on complex
gamma- plane(reflection coefficient plane).
 Analytical Approach (equation based approach)

 Graphical approach (Smith Chart)

Graphical approach has many advantages:
 Image has much longer lasting impression than an equation/text.

 Simpler as compared to analytical approach as calculations can be

reduced by significant amount

 Compact way of representing the impedance characteristics of

transmission line.
 Smith Chart was developed in 1939 by P. Smith at Bell Telephone
Laboratory USA.
 The Smith Chart has been introduced to reduce the tedious
manipulations involved in calculating the characteristics of a
transmission lines.
 Graphical approach  Solving impedance characteristics of the
transmission line.
 This approach doesn’t give you voltage/current solutions.
 It only gives the representation of impedances on transmission
line/standing wave characteristics of transmission line.
Parameters plotted on the Smith Chart include the following:
 Reflection coefficient magnitude, ||
 Reflection coefficient phase angle, θr
 Line characteristics between any two locations on the line
 VSWR
 Input Impedance, Zin
 The location of Vmax and Vmin i.e. dmax and dmin
 The basic idea is to take impedance that is normalized to
characteristics impedance (𝑍)ҧ and do transformation of this
impedance into the complex reflection coefficient plane/ Γ-plane.
 Impedance Plane (Z-plane)  Reflection coefficient Plane (Γ-plane).
We know the normalized impedance can be written as

* Impedances in Tx line calculations are always normalized to characteristics impedance of the

line.
For passive loads

Any passive impedance : r+jx / r-jx

Resistive Part : real and +ve, Reactive Part: +ve or –ve & imaginary
A passive load can be denoted by a point in the right half of the complex Z-plane
 Shaded portion represent all possible passive load

 We know for every passive load, we have a corresponding reflection

coefficient value
The complex reflection coefficient is

The complex  can be expressed in Cartesian and polar form as

Since for passive loads , the reflection coefficient can be denoted by a point with the unity
circle in the complex  - plane. 'R' denotes the magnitude of the reflection coefficient and ‘θ’
denotes the phase of the reflection coefficient.

Because range of Mag. Of RC is below 1

 (a) Complex impedance plane (𝑍ҧ = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥)
(b) Complex reflection coefficient plane

Since there is one-to-one mapping between 𝑍ҧ to , the entire right half Z-plane is mapped on to the region
within the unity circle in the  -plane.
• So if we try to map all possible impedances into complex gamma plane, so for doing that
1,0
0,0
1,0
“As ‘r’ increases from 0 to ∞, the centre of the circle
is moved from (0,0) to (1,0) and radius of the circle
decreases”
 2 2
 r  2  1 
 r    i   
 r 1  r 1

Im(reflection coef.)
1•j

 plot  as a function of r
 these are circles!
 r 
• center  , 0 
1  r 
1
• radius
1 r
When r = 0
1
2

r  0  i   1 
2 2 -1 Re(reflection coef.)
1
When: 0 < r < 1
When: r = 1
2 2
 1  2  1 

 r   i 
  
 1  1   1  1 
When: r > 1 curves of constant r = Re(Z) -1•j
 Im(reflection coef.)
2 2
 1 1 j
• from the Im part: r  1   i     
2

 x  x
– these are also
circles!
 1 1
• center 1 ,  • radius
 x x

 plot  as a function of x
1
 x=
2

 r  1  2   i  1   1
-1 Re(reflection coef.)
   
When: x > 0

When: x < 0

When: x = 0
2
 1
 r  1
2 1
  i    2 curves of constant x = Im(Z) -j
 0 0
Admittance Smith Chart Impedance Smith Chart
 As ‘x’ increases from 0 to ∞, the centre of circle moves away from (1,
∞) to (1,0) and radius of its circle decreases.
 Centre of r-circles is moved along the horizontal axis whereas the
centre of x-circles moves along the vertical axis on which u=1.
 Clockwise movement on the smith chart represents the movement
towards generator.
 Anticlockwise movement represents moving towards load side.
Mapping RHP to a unit circle
– Smith Chart
Inductive

High Z
Resistive
Low Z

Capacitive
 Toward Constant
Generator Reflection
Coefficient
Circle

Away Scale in
From Wavelengths
Generator

Full Circle is One

Half Wavelength
Since Everything
K. A. Connor
Repeats
3 February 2004
RPI ECSE Department
34
 Impedance divided by line impedance
(50 Ohms)
 Z1 = 100 + j50
 Z2 = 75 -j100
 Z3 = j200
 Z4 = 150
 Z5 = infinity (an open circuit)
 Z6 = 0 (a short circuit)
 Z7 = 50
 Z8 = 184 -j900

 Then, normalize and plot. The points

are plotted as follows:
 z1 = 2 + j
 z2 = 1.5 -j2
 z3 = j4
 z4 = 3
 z5 = infinity
 z6 = 0
 z7 = 1
 z8 = 3.68 -j18