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Prepared By: Nurhaslina FKK, Uitm

The document discusses boundary layer concepts including velocity and thermal boundary layers. The velocity boundary layer develops due to fluid flow and is characterized by velocity gradients and surface friction. The thermal boundary layer develops when the fluid and surface temperatures differ and is characterized by temperature gradients and the convection heat transfer coefficient. Local and average convection coefficients are also discussed.

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77 views15 pages

Prepared By: Nurhaslina FKK, Uitm

The document discusses boundary layer concepts including velocity and thermal boundary layers. The velocity boundary layer develops due to fluid flow and is characterized by velocity gradients and surface friction. The thermal boundary layer develops when the fluid and surface temperatures differ and is characterized by temperature gradients and the convection heat transfer coefficient. Local and average convection coefficients are also discussed.

Uploaded by

ZulkapliSoland
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Prepared by

Nurhaslina
FKK, UITM
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF
CONVECTION

• Convection denotes energy transfer


between a surface and a fluid moving
over the surface.
• Recall Newton’s law of cooling for heat
transfer between a surface of area As and
temperature Ts and a fluid:

q  h(TS  T )
• Generally flow conditions will vary along
the surface, so q” is a local heat flux and
h is a local convection coefficient.
THE VELOCITY BOUNDARY LAYER
• Consider flow of a fluid over a flat plate:

• The flow is characterized by two regions:


– A thin fluid layer (boundary layer) in which
velocity gradients and shear stresses are large.
– Its thickness δ is defined as the value of y for
which u = 0.99 u∞
– An outer region in which velocity gradients and
shear stresses are negligible
From Newtonian fluids:

u
S  
y y 0

and
S
Cf  2
u / 2

where Cf is the local friction coefficient


THE THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER
• Velocity boundary layer develops when there is fluid
flow over a surface
• Thermal boundary layer develops if the fluid free
stream and surface temperature differ.
• Consider flow of a fluid over an isothermal flat plate:

• The thermal boundary layer is the region of the fluid


in which temperature gradient exist
• Its thickness is defined as the value of y for which the
ratio: TS  T
 0.99
TS  T
• At the plate surface (y=0), there is no fluid
motion
– Conduction heat transfer:
T
qS"  k f
y y 0

- From Newton’s Law (convection):

qs’’ = h (Ts - T∞)

- Combining these equations:

 k f T / y y 0
h
TS  T
LOCAL AND AVERAGE
CONVECTION COEFFICIENTS

• Consider the convective heat transfer as a


fluid passes over a surface of arbitrary shape:

• Newton’s law of cooling states:

where h is the local heat transfer coefficient.


• Flow conditions will vary along the surface, both
q’’ and h also vary along the surface
• The total heat transfer rate is

• where h is the average convection coefficient for


the entire surface
• For the special case of flow over a flat plate, h
varies with the distance x

1 L
h
L 0 
h dx
Laminar and Turbulent Flow

fluid motion is orderly and highly irregular and fluctuates


regular

Flow conditions are typically The critical Reynolds number for flow
characterized by a Reynolds over a flat plate:
number, Re: ρu ∞ x c
Re x ,c = = 5 ×105
ρu ∞ x μ
Re x = ρυD
μ For flow in a pipe: Re D =
μ
Laminar : ReD < 2300
Transition: 2300 < ReD < 4000
Turbulent: ReD > 4000
SUMMARY – BOUNDARY LAYERS
• Velocity Boundary Layer (thickness δ(x))
characterized by the presence of velocity
gradients and shear stresses

– Surface Friction, Cf

• Thermal Boundary Layer (thickness δt(x))


characterized by temperature gradients.

– Convection heat transfer coefficient, h


Problem 6.1

In a flow over a surface, velocity and temperature


profiles are of the forms
u(y) = Ay + By2 – Cy3
T(y) = D + Ey + Fy2 – Gy3
where the coefficients A through G are constants.
Obtain a expressions for the friction coefficient Cf
and the convection coefficient h in terms of u∞ , T∞
and appropriate profile coefficients and fluid
properties.
PROBLEM 6.3

In a particular application involving airflow over a


heated surface, the boundary layer temp.
distribution may be approximated as
T – Ts = 1 – exp ( - Pr u∞y)
T∞ - Ts υ
where y is the distance normal to the surface and
the Prandtl number, Pr = cp μ/k = 0.7 is a
dimensionless fluid property. If T∞ = 400k ,
Ts =300k and u∞ /υ = 5000m-1 , what is the surface
heat flux?
PROBLEM 6.4

For laminar flow over a flat plate, the local heat


transfer coefficient hx is known to vary as x-1/2 ,
where x is the distance from the leading edge
(x=0) of the plate. What is the ratio of the average
coefficient between the leading edge and some
location x on the plate to the local coefficient at x?
PROBLEM 6.8

Air at free stream temperature of T∞ = 20°c is in


parallel flow over a flat plate of length L = 5m and
temp. Ts = 90°c . However, obstacles placed in the
flow intensity mixing with increasing distance x
from the leading edge and the spatial variation of
temp. measured in the boundary layer is correlated
by an expression of the form T(°c) = 20 + 70 exp (-
600xy) , where x and y are in meters. Determine
and plot the manner in which the local convection
coefficient, h varies with x. Evaluate the average
convection coefficient h for the plate.

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