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Color Chemistry

This document discusses the chemistry of color in organic and inorganic compounds. It explains that colored compounds absorb visible light, causing their outer electrons to be promoted to an excited state. Organic compounds often contain unsaturated groups like C=C or C=O that are part of a delocalized electron system called a chromophore. Inorganic compounds contain transition metals whose d orbitals split into levels depending on the metal and ligands, determining the energy needed for excitation and therefore the compound's color. Color changes can result from changing ligands, oxidation states, or acidity in indicators like methyl orange.

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112 views7 pages

Color Chemistry

This document discusses the chemistry of color in organic and inorganic compounds. It explains that colored compounds absorb visible light, causing their outer electrons to be promoted to an excited state. Organic compounds often contain unsaturated groups like C=C or C=O that are part of a delocalized electron system called a chromophore. Inorganic compounds contain transition metals whose d orbitals split into levels depending on the metal and ligands, determining the energy needed for excitation and therefore the compound's color. Color changes can result from changing ligands, oxidation states, or acidity in indicators like methyl orange.

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ecdtcenter
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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6.

9 Chemistry of Colour
Recapping from earlier
• Coloured substances absorb radiation in the
visible region of the EM spectrum.
• Absorb energy - outermost electrons
promoted to excited state.
• Same electrons involved in bonding or lone
pairs.
• Innermost electrons more tightly held by
attraction to the nucleus - more energy
needed for excitation.
Pulling theory together
• Some transitions
needing less energy
are brought about by
visible light
• Excitation energy is
greater when UV light
is absorbed.
• Compounds absorbing
UV radiation appear
colourless.
Coloured organic compounds
• Often contain unsaturated groups, -C=O,
-C=C, -N=N-
• Usually part of extended delocalised
electron system called the chromophore.
• Electrons in double bonds more spread out -
require less energy to excite than those in
single bonds particularly in conjugated
system.
• Absorption of radiation in visible region.
Groups, energy and colour
• -OH, -NH2 , or NR2 attached to chromophores to enhance
or modify the colours.
• Lone pair electrons become involved in the delocalised
system.
• Small changes change the energy of light absorbed and
therefore the colour.
• Dyes often different colours in acids and alkalis - useful
indicators.
• Methyl orange bond to H+ at pH 3.5 and below - red,
above pH3.5 there is no H+ bonded and the dye is yellow.
Coloured inorganic compounds
• Often contain transition metals.
• Ligands cause 5 d orbitals to split into two
levels
• Energy needed to excite to a higher level
depends on the oxidation state of the metal
and the type of ligand.
• Redox reactions often accompanied by
colour changes.
• Changing a ligand in a complex can change the
colour - different ligands have different splitting
powers.
• Electrons can move from the ground state in one
atom to the excited state in another atom -
electron transfer. Often bright colours, Chrome
yellow and Prussian blue.

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