Passive Components:

Capacitors & Resistors

Passive
Components
account* for:
80% of BOM Count
60% of PCB Area
20% of BOM Cost

* - Wireless Systems Design 02-2000

Topics:
General
Thru-Hole & SMT Assembly …pages 3 ~ 6

Products
Capacitors …pages 7 ~ 36
Resistors …pages 37 ~ 47

– Types – Markets – Characteristics

– Substitution Guidelines
– Appearance – Sizes – Marking

2
 Thru-Hole Assembly

1. Leaded parts are inserted into holes in circuit board

2. Leads are clinched and cut.
3. Molten wave of solder connects leads to board.

Wave of
molten solder Direction of Assembly Flow

3
 Surface Mount (SMT) Assembly

1. Solder paste is printed onto land patterns.

PCB 4
 Surface Mount (SMT) Assembly

2. SMT parts are placed (by automatic pick and place equipment)
onto solder paste covered land patterns.
Vacuum
Nozzle

5
 Surface Mount (SMT) Assembly

3. Circuit board is run through a reflow soldering

oven. Where the solder paste liquefies, and electrically
connects the SMT component terminations to the
circuit board land patterns. As the circuit board
moves out of heating zone the liquid solder solidifies
mechanically fixing the SMT components to the circuit
board.

6
 Capacitor Family Tree

CAPACITORS

ELECTROSTATIC ELECTROLYTIC

CERAMIC FILM ALUMINUM TANTALUM

• Non polarized • Polarized

• AC or DC operation • DC operation
• Lower Capacitance • Higher Capacitance

7
 Markets

CAPACITORS

ELECTROSTATIC ELECTROLYTIC

CERAMIC FILM ALUMINUM TANTALUM

 Biggest market
 Large Cap at low cost
 Lowest Cost
 SMT increasing LT
 1206 Long LT
 Price flat on TH
 0603 & 0402 good choices

 Better performance at higher cost  Large Cap in Small Sizes

 SMT longer LT  Long LT
 Price Increases on C/ D/ E sizes

8
 Capacitance Values

CERAMIC
CERAMIC
FILM

FILM

TANTALUM

ALUMINUM

1.0pF 0.10uF 10uF 1000uF

ALUMINUM F = micro-Farad = 1 x 10-6 F = 1 millionth of a Farad

nF = Nano-Farad = 1 x 10-9 F = 1 billionth of a Farad
TANTALUM
CERAMIC pF = Pico-Farad = 1 x 10-12 F = 1 trillionth of a Farad
FILM

9
 Capacitance Values – EIA Codes
Pico-Farad Nano-Farad Micro-Farad
EIA Code (pF) (nF) (uF)
1R5 1 .5 0 .0 0 1 5
2R2 2 .2 0 .0 0 2 2

3 digit code 3R3 3 .3 0 .0 0 3 3

4R7 4 .7 0 .0 0 4 7

(pF)
6R8 6 .8 0 .0 0 6 8
100 10 0 .0 1
150 15 0 .0 1 5
3 digit code
220 22 0 .0 2 2
TANTALUM 250 25 0 .0 2 5
“R” represents decimal point
CERAMIC 330 33 0 .0 3 3

FILM
390 39 0 .0 3 9
4R7 = 4.7pF
470 47 0 .0 4 7
560 56 0 .0 5 6
680 68 0 .0 6 8
750 75 0 .0 7 5
820 82 0 .0 8 2
101 100 0 .1 0 .0 0 0 1
121 120 0 .1 2 0 .0 0 0 1 2
151 150 0 .1 5 0 .0 0 0 1 5
181 180 0 .1 8 0 .0 0 0 1 8 3 digit code
201 200 0 .2 0 .0 0 0 2
221 220 0 .2 2 0 .0 0 0 2 2 First 2 digits are significant.
271 270 0 .2 7 0 .0 0 0 2 7
301 300 0 .3 0 .0 0 0 3 Third digit is number of zeros.
331 330 0 .3 3 0 .0 0 0 3 3
391 390 0 .3 9 0 .0 0 0 3 9 101 = 100pF
471 470 0 .4 7 0 .0 0 0 4 7
511 510 0 .5 1 0 .0 0 0 5 1
561 560 0 .5 6 0 .0 0 0 5 6
681 680 0 .6 8 0 .0 0 0 6 8
751 750 0 .7 5 0 .0 0 0 7 5
821 820 0 .8 2 0 .0 0 0 8 2 10
102 1000 1 0 .0 0 1
 Capacitance Values – EIA Codes
Pico-Farad Nano-Farad Micro-Farad
EIA Code (pF) (nF) (uF)
122 1200 1 .2 0 .0 0 1 2
152 1500 1 .5 0 .0 0 1 5
202 2000 2 0 .0 0 2
3 digit code 222 2200 2 .2 0 .0 0 2 2
272 2700 2 .7 0 .0 0 2 7
103 = 10,000pF
(pF) 302
332
3000
3300
3
3 .3
0 .0 0 3
0 .0 0 3 3
392 3900 3 .9 0 .0 0 3 9 103 = 10nF
472 4700 4 .7 0 .0 0 4 7
TANTALUM 562 5600 5 .6 0 .0 0 5 6 103 = 0.01uF
CERAMIC 682 6800 6 .8 0 .0 0 6 8
FILM 822 8200 8 .2 0 .0 0 8 2
103 1 0,0 0 0 10 0 .0 1
123 1 2,0 0 0 12 0 .0 1 2
153 1 5,0 0 0 15 0 .0 1 5
183 1 8,0 0 0 18 0 .0 1 8 104 = 100,000pF
223 2 2,0 0 0 22 0 .0 2 2
333 3 3,0 0 0 33 0 .0 3 3 104 = 100nF
473 4 7,0 0 0 47 0 .0 4 7
563 5 6,0 0 0 56 0 .0 5 6 104 = 0.1uF
683 6 8,0 0 0 68 0 .0 6 8
823 8 2,0 0 0 82 0 .0 8 2
104 1 0 0,0 0 0 100 0 .1 0
124 1 2 0,0 0 0 120 0 .1 2
154 1 5 0,0 0 0 150 0 .1 5
224 2 2 0,0 0 0 220 0 .2 2
334 3 3 0,0 0 0 330 0 .3 3
474 4 7 0,0 0 0 470 0 .4 7 106 = 10,000,000pF
564 5 6 0,0 0 0 560 0 .5 6
105 1,0 0 0,0 0 0 1000 1 .0 106 = 10,000nF
225 2,2 0 0,0 0 0 2200 2 .2
335 3,3 0 0,0 0 0 3300 3 .3 106 = 10uF
475 4,7 0 0,0 0 0 4700 4 .7
685 6,8 0 0,0 0 0 6800 6 .8
106 1 0,0 0 0,0 0 0 1 0,0 0 0 10 11
226 2 2,0 0 0,0 0 0 2 2,0 0 0 22
 Capacitance Values – EIA Codes

Pico-Farad Nano-Farad Micro-Farad

EIA Code (pF) (nF) (uF)
R10 100,000 100 0.1
R22 220,000 220 0.22

3 digit code
R33 330,000 330 0.33
R47 470,000 470 0.47
1R0 1,000,000 1000 1
(uF) 2R2 2,200,000 2200 2.2
3 digit code
3R3 3,300,000 3300 3.3
ALUMINUM
4R7
100
4,700,000
10,000,000
4700
1 0,0 0 0
4.7
10
“R” represents decimal point
220
330
22,000,000
33,000,000
2 2,0 0 0
33,000
22
33
R33 = 0.33uF
470 47,000,000 47,000 47
101 100,000,000 100,000 100
221 220
331 330
471 470
102 1000
222 2200
332 3300 3 digit code
472 4700
103 10,000 First 2 digits are significant.
223 22,000
333 33,000 Third digit is number of zeros
473 47,000
471 = 470uF

12
 Capacitance Values

Standard Capacitance Values:

Electrolytic Capacitors: Aluminum & Tantalum
10 22 33 47

Examples:
0.1, 0.22, 0.33, 0.47… 1.0, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7. 10, 22, 33, 47…
100, 220, 330 …

13
 Capacitance Values

Standard Capacitance Values: (PER EIA-575 & RS 460)

Electrostatics: Ceramic & Film
E12 : 10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 47 56 68 82

Examples:
1.0, 1.2, 1.5,…. 10, 15, 22,… 100, 180, 270,… 1K, 3.3K, 4.7K,…
10K, 33K, 56K,… 560K, 680K, 820K,… 1uF, 2.2uF, 4.7uF,…

14
 Capacitance Values

Standard Capacitance Values: (PER EIA-575 & RS 460)

Electrostatics: Ceramic & Film
E24 : 10 11 12 13 15 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 36
39 43 47 51 56 62 68 75 82 91

In-between Values Shown In Red Are Considered “Odd” Non-Preferred

Values And As Such Are Not Stocked
And Should Be Discouraged From Being Selected

15
 Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors

» Capacitance Value Substitution

In many cases increasing to higher capacitance value is acceptable

i.e… 2200uF part can be considered for use in place of 1500uF part

i.e… 3.3uF part can be considered for use in place of 2.2uF part

i.e… 0.22uF part can be considered for use in place of 0.1uF part

16
 Tolerance

Capacitance Tolerance :
The allowable window - limits that the capacitors’ +25°C
(room temperature) capacitance value will be within.
1 digit code

ALUMINUM
CERAMIC
CERAMIC

CERAMIC
FILM

TANTALUM
CERAMIC
CERAMIC
FILM 17
 Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors

» Capacitance Tolerance Substitution

“A component with a tighter (better) tolerance can replace a
looser (worst) tolerance component.”

i.e... ±1%(F) tolerance part can replace ±2%(G), ±5%(J) or ±10% (K) tolerance part
i.e... ±2%(G) tolerance part can replace ±5%(J), ±10% (K) or ±20% (M) tolerance part
i.e... ±5%(J) tolerance part can replace ± 10%(K) or ±20% (M) tolerance part
i.e… ±10%(K) tolerance part can replace ±20%(M) or +80%/-20%(Z) tolerance part
i.e… ±20%(M) tolerance part can replace +80%/-20%(Z) tolerance part

18
 Voltage Rating

Voltage Rating
The maximum VDC that can be applied to the capacitor
Range of Voltage Ratings: 2.0VDC ~ 15,000VDC

CODE VDC
0G 4.0
0J 6.3
1A 10
2 digit code 1C 16
1E 25
1V 35
1H 50
1J 63
2A 100
2D 200
2E 250
2V 350
2G 400
2W 450

19
 Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors

»Capacitance Voltage Rating Substitution

“A component with a higher voltage rating may be used in place
of, or as a substitute for, a lower voltage rated component.”

i.e… 1000V rated part can replace 500V, 250V or 100V rated part.
i.e… 500V rated part can replace 250V , 100V or 50V rated part.
i.e… 250V rated part can replace 100V, 50V or 25V rated part.
i.e… 100V rated part can replace 50V or 25V rated part.
i.e… 50V rated part can replace 25V or 16V rated part.
i.e… 25V rated part can replace 16V or 10V rated part.

20
 TC Characteristic
Each Capacitor will have a temperature coefficient (TC). TC is a
measure of how the capacitance value behaves over temperature.

All parts are supplied to be within tolerance at room temperature

(+25°C = +77°F)
Aluminum Electrolytic styles have TC of±20% over -40°C to +105°C
Tantalum Electrolytic styles have TC of ±5% over -55°C to +85°C
Film styles have TC of ±7% over -40°C to +105°C

+10
%

000

-10%

-20%

-50C
-30% +25C
+100C 21
 TC Characteristic
Unfortunately not all capacitance values can be produced
from one ceramic dielectric formulation…

A wide range of ceramic dielectrics are needed, and have

been developed, to cover a broad range of capacitance
values.
The EIA (Electronics Industries Alliance) established industry
classifications for ceramic dielectrics that are agreed to and
met by all ceramic capacitor producers.

These ceramic dielectric classifications are identified by

their temperature coefficient (TC) code.

22
 TC Characteristic

Standard Temperature Coefficients (TC) of ceramic

capacitors:
Maximum Allowable
Low Temperature Limit High Temperature Limit Capacitance Change
From +25C ( 0 VDC )
X = -55C 5 = +85C F = 7.5%
Y = -30C 6 = +105C P = 10%
Z = +10C 7 = +125C R = 15%
8 = +150C (SPECIAL) S = 22%
T = +22% / -33%
U = +22% / -56%
V = +22% / -82%

23
 Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors

» Temperature Coefficient Substitution

“A component with a more stable (better)
temperature characteristic (TC) can replace a less
temperature stable (worse) component.
i.e…an X7R ceramic can replace Z5U or Y5V ceramic parts.
i.e…an NPO ceramic can replace a X7R or Z5U or Y5V ceramic.

NPO… X7R… X5F… X5P… X5R… XRS… X5T… Y5U… Y5V… Z5U… Z5V...

MOST STABLE LEAST STABLE

24
 Capacitance Range per TC
Multilayer Ceramic Chip Capacitor
Temperature Coefficients:
Capacitance Capacitance Voltage Standard
TC Range Tolerance
Range Value Code
0.5pF ~ 25VDC ~ (J)
NPO 0R5 ~ 563 1KVDC +/-5%
0.056uF
16VDC ~ (K)
X7R 100pF ~ 2.2uF 101~ 225 1000VDC +/-10%
16VDC ~ (Z)
Y5V 1000pF ~ 10uF 102 ~ 106 50VDC -20%/+80%

16VDC ~ (M)
Z5U 1000pF ~ 10uF 102 ~ 106 50VDC +/-20%
+/-20

NPO
X7R
Y5V
Z5U

0.5pF 1pF 10pF 100pF 1nF 10nF 100nF 1uF 10uF 25

 Appearance

Radial Leaded Electrolytic Capacitors

• Cathode lead (-) shorter than anode (+)
• Cathode polarity band or anode strip
• Date code (YYWW) “9614” = 14th week of 1996
• Temperature rating
• Capacitance value (µF)
• Voltage rating (VDC)
• Logo

26
 Appearance

Axial & Snap-In Leaded Electrolytic Capacitors

• Cathode polarity band
• Date code (YYWW) “9614” = 14th week of 1996
• Temperature rating
• Capacitance value (µF)
• Voltage rating (VDC)
• Logo

27
Ceramic Disc Capacitor (Radial)
Cap Tolerance
C = +/-.25pF K = +/-10%
D = +/-.5pF M = +/-20%
F = +/-1% Z = +80%/-20%
Dielectric G = +/-2%
Y5F J = +/-5% Dielectric
Cap Value Y5P
102 = 1000pF

Cap Value
Voltage 103 = 0.01uF
1KV = 1000VDC

Voltage
1KV = 1000VDC

Example shown
Example shown P/N: NCD103K1KVY5PTR
P/N: NCD102K1KVY5F 28
Film Capacitor (Radial Leaded)

• Capacitance value (pF) & Tolerance Code

• Voltage rating (VDC)

29
 Appearance

SMT Electrolytic Capacitors

• Cathode (-) & Anode (+) markers
• Capacitance value (µF)
• Voltage rating (VDC)
• Date Code

30
 Dimensions (Surface Mount)

English Metric Length Width

0402 1005 1.0mm (0.04”) 0.5mm (0.02”)
0603 1608 1.6mm (0.06”) 0.8mm (0.03”)
0805 2012 2.0mm (0.08”) 1.2mm (0.05”)
1206 3216 3.2mm (0.12”) 1.6mm (0.06”)
1210 3225 3.2mm (0.12”) 2.5mm (0.10”)
1812 4532 4.5mm (0.18”) 3.2mm (0.12”)
2225 5764 5.7mm (0.22”) 6.4mm (0.25”)

No Component Marking

WIDTH
LENGTH 31
Surface Mount Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors
Case Code Metric English Length Width
P 2012 0805 2.0mm (0.08”) 1.2mm (0.05”)

A, A2 3216 1206 3.2mm (0.12”) 1.6mm (0.06”)

B, B2 3528 1411 3.5mm (0.14”) 2.8mm (0.11”)

C 6032 2412 6.0mm (0.24”) 3.2mm(0.12”)

D1* 5846 2318 5.8mm (0.23”) 4.6mm(0.18”)

D, E 7343 2917 7.3mm (0.29”) 4.3mm (0.17”)

* - D1 is Japanese size

32
Surface Mount Film Chip Capacitors

English Metric Length Width

0805 2012 2.0mm (0.08”) 1.2mm (0.05”)
1206 3216 3.2mm (0.12”) 1.6mm (0.06”)
1210 3225 3.2mm (0.12”) 2.5mm (0.10”)
1913 4833 4.8mm (0.19”) 3.3mm (0.13”)
2416 6041 6.0mm (0.24”) 4.1mm (0.16”)

33
No Component Marking
 Reel Labeling

Part Number, Product Lot

Number and Date Code
identified on product reel
labels provides trace-ability
to production

34
Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors

35
Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors

36
 Resistor Family Tree

RESISTORS

LEADED SMT

CARBON
FILM

+/-5%
GENERAL
PURPOSE METAL THICK FILM
FILM

+/-1% METAL +/-1% THIN FILM

HIGHER OXIDE
PERFORMANCE
FILM
+/-5%
GENERAL
PURPOSE

WIREWOUND
>2W
HIGH POWER <+/-1%
HIGH POWER SPECIAL

37
 Resistor Family Tree

RESISTORS

LEADED SMT

 Higher cost
CARBON  Lower volumes
FILM  Performance applic driven

METAL THICK FILM

FILM

METAL THIN FILM

OXIDE
FILM
 Lowest cost
 Mature Market WIREWOUND  Largest Qty’s
 Flat Pricing  Increasing LT & Pricing for
 Declining Qty’s larger sizes (>0805)
38
Resistor Characteristics

RESISTANCE VALUE
Resistance is expressed in ohms (). Typical resistance
values are industry standard (E24 & E96) values from 1.0
ohm to 10 Meg-ohms (10,000,000 ohm = 10MegOhm)

39
40
41
42
43
• Understanding Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

A resistor's Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) tells how much its value
changes as its temperature changes. It is usually expressed in ppm/°C (parts per
million per degree Centigrade) units.

What does that really mean?

Let's use an example: A 50 ohm resistor has a (standard) TCR of 20ppm/°C.
That means its resistance will not change more than 0.000020 ohms
(20¸1,000,000) per ohm per degree Centigrade temperature change (within the
rated temperature range of -55 to +145°C, measured from 25°C room
temperature.)

Assume our resistor is in a product that heats up from room temperature to 50°C.
To find our 50W resistor's (maximum) change caused by that 25°C rise, multiply
0.000020 times 50 (the resistor value) times 25 (the temperature change.)
The resistor's value would change no more than 0.025 ohms.
i.e, (0.000020 X 50 X 25 = 0.025W.)

The actual change may be much smaller, depending on the specific characteristics
of that resistor.
Leaded Types
Axial Leaded Styles

Carbon Film

Metal Film

Metal Oxide
45
Leaded Types

Single In-Line Package (“SIP”)

in 4 pin to 13 pin package

Isolated 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Common / Bussed 46
SMT Types
English Metric Length Width
0201 0502 0.5mm (0.02”) 0.25mm (0.01”)
0402 1005 1.0mm (0.04”) 0.5mm (0.02”)
0603 1608 1.6mm (0.06”) 0.8mm (0.03”)
0805 2012 2.0mm (0.08”) 1.2mm (0.05”)
1206 3216 3.2mm (0.12”) 1.6mm (0.06”)
1210 3225 3.2mm (0.12”) 2.5mm (0.10”)
1812 4532 4.5mm (0.18”) 3.2mm (0.12”)
2225 5764 5.7mm (0.22”) 6.4mm (0.25”)

Thick Film Chips

47
SMT Types

Thick Film Arrays

48