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Envisafety: Environmental Engineering and Safety Management

- The document outlines key milestones in international climate agreements, beginning with the 1972 Stockholm Declaration. It established the UN Environment Programme and recognized environmental protection as a major issue. - The 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assesses the scientific understanding of climate change. The 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change set the goal of stabilizing greenhouse gas levels to prevent dangerous warming. - The 1997 Kyoto Protocol was the first agreement to commit countries to reduce emissions, requiring reductions of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. It established emissions trading but the US withdrew over concerns about its economy and developing country participation.

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32 views22 pages

Envisafety: Environmental Engineering and Safety Management

- The document outlines key milestones in international climate agreements, beginning with the 1972 Stockholm Declaration. It established the UN Environment Programme and recognized environmental protection as a major issue. - The 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assesses the scientific understanding of climate change. The 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change set the goal of stabilizing greenhouse gas levels to prevent dangerous warming. - The 1997 Kyoto Protocol was the first agreement to commit countries to reduce emissions, requiring reductions of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. It established emissions trading but the US withdrew over concerns about its economy and developing country participation.

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yuj o
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ENVISAFETY

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Kyoto Protocol
Milestones
1972 Stockholm Declaration
1988 Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change
1992 UN Framewor Convention on Climate Change
1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution
1997 Kyoto Protocol
2005 Kyoto Rulebook
Statistics
United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment

Stockholm Declaration of 1972


Some Highlights
• protection and improvement of the human
environment is a major issue
• developing countries must direct their
efforts to development, bearing in mind
their priorities and the need to safeguard
and improve the environment
• natural growth of population continuously
presents problems for the preservation of
the environment
Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change

established 1988

joint program of the


World Meteorological Organization
and the United Nations
Environment Programme
Mandate

Assess scientific, technical and socio-


economic information relevant for the
understanding of climate change, its
potential impacts and options for
adaptation and mitigation
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change

1992
Highlight
• Ultimate objective: stabilize greenhouse
gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a
level that would prevent dangerous
interference with the climate system
• Commitments of states
– publish inventories of sources & sinks
– formulate & implement mitigation plans
– promote scientific exchanges
• United States is a signatory
Byrd-Hagel Resolution
US Senate, 1997
(non-binding, but passed 95-0)
• The U.S. will not enter into an agreement
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that
will be detrimental to the economy of the
U.S.
• The U.S. will not enter into an agreement
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that
does not require "meaningful involvement"
on the part of developing nations.
Kyoto Protocol
to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change

negotiated in 1997
open for signature in 1998
came into force February 16, 2005
Highlights
• The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement under which industrialized countries
will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%
compared to the year 1990

• Compared to the emissions levels that would be expected by 2010 without


the Protocol, this target represents a 29% cut.

• The goal is to lower overall emissions from six greenhouse gases - carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs, and PFCs -
calculated as an average over the five-year period of 2008-12.

• National targets range from 8% reductions for the European Union and
some others to 7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for Russia, and permitted
increases of 8% for Australia and 10% for Iceland.“

• Sinks can be used to offset emission and emission credits can be traded.

• IPPC analyses used in assessments of sources and sinks


US and Kyoto
US signed in 1998 (Clinton) but withdrew in in
2001

"The Kyoto Protocol was fatally flawed in


fundamental ways, but the process used to bring
nations together to discuss our joint response to
climate change is an important one …“

George W. Bush
June 11, 2001
Bush’s Criticisms
emissions targets arbitrary and not based on
science

protocol's binding limits on emissions could


harm the U.S. economy

Several big emitter countries, such as China


(the number 2 emitter) and India (number
6) are totally exempt.
Kyoto Rule Book
December 2, 2005

• Defines how each country’s emissions and


sinks (e.g. reforestation) are accounted
• Developed countries can invest in other
developed countries and earn carbon
allowances
• Establishes the Clean Development
Mechanism which allows developed countries
to invest in sustainable development projects
(excl. nukes) in developing countries
Status and Projections

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