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Chapter 1

This document provides an overview of occupational safety and health. It distinguishes between safety, which is concerned with injury-causing situations, and health, which is concerned with disease-causing conditions. It discusses the development of safety and health movements from early legislation and organizations in the 1900s to integrated approaches used today. Government organizations like OSHA and NIOSH help oversee workplace safety and health alongside private industry organizations.

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aamir iqbal
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141 views26 pages

Chapter 1

This document provides an overview of occupational safety and health. It distinguishes between safety, which is concerned with injury-causing situations, and health, which is concerned with disease-causing conditions. It discusses the development of safety and health movements from early legislation and organizations in the 1900s to integrated approaches used today. Government organizations like OSHA and NIOSH help oversee workplace safety and health alongside private industry organizations.

Uploaded by

aamir iqbal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Safety and

Health
Preface and Chapter.1 (Goetsch)
Occupational Safety and Health
Safety vs Health
• Safety and health are closely related but not the same.
• Safety is concerned with injury-causing situation
• Health is concerned with disease-causing condition

• Stress as an example
Stress is a hazard that can come as psychological
and physiological problems so in this case its a health
concern
Stressed worker may forget safety precautions and
then may cause an accident so in this case stress is
safety concern
• Finally its managers responsibility
Safety vs Health
– Long term exposure to noise levels in the
range of 90 -100 decibels causes permanent
damage
– A sudden acute exposure to impact noise can
injure the hearing system.
Safety and Health Movement, Then
and Now
• The safety area in the US has developed
steadily since early 1900s. Workplace Health and
Safety History, to the 1920s.mp4, https://youtu.be/7QyZX0zHGoc
In the early 1900s, industrial accidents were
common.
– In 1907 over 3200 people were killed in
mining accidents.
– Then, legislation and public opinion all
favored management..
– There were a few protections for workers’
safety.
Safety and Health Movement, Then
and Now
• Working conditions for industrial
employees have improved significantly.
– Chance of a worker being killed is less
than half of what it was 60 years ago.
– the current death rate from work-related
injuries is approx. 4 per 100,000 or less
than a third of the rate 50 years ago.
Safety and Health Movement, Then
and Now
• Improvements have been the result of:
– The pressure to promote safety and health,
– The steadily increasing costs associated
with accidents and injuries,
• The future improvements will be driven by cost
effectiveness and resultant competitiveness gained
from a safe and healthy workplace.
– The professionalization of safety as an
occupation.
Development Before the Industrial
Revolution
• Code of Hammurabi contained clauses
pertaining to safety and health.
– “If a man has caused the loss of a gentlemen’s eye,
his own eye shall be caused to be lost”.
• Egyptians used slaves in building temples and
pyramids.
– Rameses II to ensure the maintenance of a workforce
sufficient to build his major project, created an
industrial medical service and required each
worker to bathe daily.
Development Before the Industrial
Revolution
• The Romans were very concerned about
safety and health.
– ___________________________________
• In the 16th Century, Philippus Aureolus
looked at pulmonary disease of
miners/diseases of smelter
workers/metallurgists and Georgius
Agricola emphasized the need for
ventilation systems in the mines.
Development Before the Industrial
Revolution
• In the 18th Century, Bernardino Ramazzini drew
parallels between diseases suffered by
workers and their occupations.
– Handling of harmful materials, irregular or unnatural
movements of the body
• The Industrial Revolution change the nature of
production:
– Introduction of inanimate power
– Substitution of machines for people
– Introduction of new methods in fabrication
– Organization and specialization of work
Milestones in the Safety Movement

• The safety movement traces its roots to


England.
• Industrial Revolution
– Outbreak of fever among the children
working in cotton mills led people in
Manchester demand better working conditions
in the factories.
Milestones in the Safety Movement

• When the industrial sector began to


grow in the US, hazardous working
conditions became common.
– Following the Civil War, the seeds of the
safety movement were sown.
• Factory Inspection – 1867
• First barrier safeguard patent – 1868
• mine safety law – 1869
• Bureau of Labor Statistics established - 1869
Milestones in the Safety Movement
– a law requiring safeguards for hazardous
machinery – 1877
– Employer’s liability law – 1877
– First recorded safety program established in IL –
1892
– Frederick Taylor conducts first systematic study
on efficiency in manufacturing – 1900
– Bureau of Mines created – 1907
– Concept of Workers Compensation introduced –
1908
Milestones in the Safety Movement

– First cooperative study congress 1912


– National Council of Industrial Safety
formed – 1913
– NCIS changed name to National Safety
Council – 1915
Milestones in the Safety Movement

– Total Safety Management concept


introduced – 1996
– US firms begin to pursue ISO 14000
registration for ESM 2000
– Workplace terrorism is an ongoing concern
of safety and health professionals -
Role of
• Organized Labor
– Seeked safe and healthy work environments
– Some say they focused too much on wages and
benefits
– Overturn the antilabor laws relating to safety
• Assumption Risk
• Specific Safety and Health Problems
– Lung Disease in Miners
– Explosion in a mine in WV in 1968
Role of

– Mercury Poisoning in 1930s Japan due to


release of methyl mercury into the sea
• Mercury nitrate was used in hat-making in the US
– Asbestos exposure
• Asbestosis or (Mesothelioma) Cancer
DEVELOPMENT OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION
PROGRAMS

• According to the SME (Society of Manufacturing Engineers),


around this time industry began to realize the
following:
• Improved engineering could prevent accidents.
• Employees were willing to learn and accept
safety rules.
• Safety rules could be established and enforced.
• Financial savings from safety improvement
could be reaped by savings in compensation and
medical bills.
DEVELOPMENT OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION
PROGRAMS

• Early safety programs were based on the three E’s of


safety: Engineering, Education, and Enforcement

– The engineering aspects of a safety program involve


making design improvements to both product and
process.
– The education aspect of a safety program ensures
that employees know how to work safely.
– The enforcement aspect of a safety program involves
making sure that employees abide by safety policies,
rules, regulations, practices, and procedures.
Safety and Health Movement
Today
• Came a long way from Industrial Revolution
ways.
• Tone was set during the WWII. Occupational Safety
and Health Administration 40 Year History Video 2011 OSHA.mp4
• https://youtu.be/grwXqfEfW3g
• Need for various specialists arose: safety
engineers, safety managers, industrial
hygienists, occupational health nurses, and
physicians.
Safety and Health Movement
Today
• H.G. Dyktor proposed the following objectives of
integration (cooperation):
– Learn more through sharing knowledge about
health problems in the workplace, particularly those
caused by toxic substances
– Provide a greater level of expertise in evaluating
health and safety problems.
– Provide a broad database that can be used to
compare health and safety problems experienced
by different companies in the same industry.
– Encourage accident prevention
– Make employee health and safety a high priority
Integrated Approach to Safety and
Health
• By working together and drawing on their areas
of expertise, S & H professionals are better able
to identify, predict, control, and correct S & H
problems.
• OSHA reinforces this integrated approach by
requiring companies to have a plan for doing:
– Providing appropriate medical treatment for injured
or ill workers
– Regularly examining workers who are exposed to
toxic substances
– Having qualified first-aid person available during
all work hours
Integrated Approach to Safety and
Health
• Small companies may contract, while the large
ones have their own staff:
– Industrial Hygiene Chemist and/or Engineer
• Periodically test the work environment and the workers
• Dust levels, ventilation, and noise levels..
– Radiation Control Specialist
• Electrical Engineer and Physicist
• Test radiation levels
• Prepare plans for accidents/decontamination procedures
– Industrial Safety Manager or Engineer
• Developing Programs
– Other
Development of Safety
Organizations
• Alliance for American Insurers
• American Board of Industrial Hygiene
• American Conference of Government Industrial
Hygienists
• American Industrial Hygiene Association
• American Insurance Association
• American National Standards Institute
• American Occupational Medical Association
• American Society of Testing and Materials
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Development of Safety
Organizations
• Chemical Transportation Emergency Center
• Human Factors Society
• National Fire Protection Association
• National Safety Council
• National Safety Management Society
• Society of Automotive Engineers
• System Safety Society
• Underwriter’s Laboratories
Government Organizations
• Bureau of Labor Statistics
• Bureau of National Affairs
• Environmental Protection Agency
• National Institute for Standards and Technology
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• Superintendent of Documents, US Government
Printing Office
• US Consumer Product Safety Commission
Other Organizations
• American Public Health Association
• Commerce Clearing House

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