INTRODUCTION

OASIS Pak
Training Division-
(Occupational Health & Safety Integrated Services)
Web: www.oasispak.com
E-mail: info@oasispak.com
Trainers:

Sajid Saqlain (Master Trainer)

Muntazir Abbass (Training Coordinator)

FIRE PREVENTION TRAINING MODULE
Fire prevention is Devised in to the following:

Part I FIRE PREVENTION

Part II FIRST AID FIRE FIGHTING 2~7 Min

PART III AUTO FIRE DETACTION SYSTEM

PART IV IMPROVISED MANUAL / AUTO SYSTEM

 COURSE PROGRAMME
• Aims and objectives

• Chemistry of Fire

• Classification of Fire & Extinguishing Media

• Products of Fire

• How Fire Spread?

 COURSE PROGRAMME
• Fire Extinguishing Methods
• Causes Of Fire
• First Aid Fire Fighting Appliances
• Video Documentary on Fire Fighting with First Aid Fire
Fighting Appliances.
• Practical use of First Aid fire Fighting Appliances on Live
fires.
 Aims

• To provide delegates with a comprehensive

understanding of the methods and techniques
used in the Fire Fighting / Fire Prevention.
 Aims

• To provide delegates with the practical

knowledge to enable them to use First Aid Fire
Fighting Equipment and Foam making
Equipment.
 OBJECTIVES

By the end of this course delegates will be able to:

• Define – what is Fire? and how it Behave ,

 OBJECTIVES

By the end of this course delegates will be able to:

• IDENTIFY –
– Classification of Fire
– Products of Fire And Its Effects on Life
 OBJECTIVES

By the end of this course delegates will be able to:

• Extinguish - the fire by using various

extinguishing methods / Medias.
 OBJECTIVES

By the end of this course delegates will be able to:

• Use – DCP, Co2 and AFFF Fire Extinguisher and

Fixed Foam system available at OPI Fields to
Extinguish the Fire.
 CHEMISTRY OF FIRE

What is a Fire?

DEFINITION
– Fire is a chemical
reaction between Fuel
and Oxygen at Suitable
Temperature resulting
Flame and Heat.
CHEMISTRY OF FIRE
ELEMENTS OF FIRE

Fuel
 CHEMISTRY OF FIRE
PHYSICAL STATE OF FUEL
• Solid = Coil, Wood, Paper, Cloth, Leather
Others

• Liquids = Gasoline, Kerosene, Diesel,

Alcohol, Paints, Varnish, etc.

• Gases = Natural Gas, Propane, Butane,

Hydrogen,Acetylene,
Carbon Monoxide , Others.
 SOURCES OF HEAT

• Spark
• Fraction
• Hot Surfaces
• Arks
• Electrical Energy
• The Sun
• Chemicals Action
 SOURCES OF OXYGEN
• Approximately 16 % Required

• Normally Air contain 21 % Oxygen

• Some Fuel materials contain sufficient oxygen

within their make - up to support burning.
 CHEMISTRY OF FIRE
• Flash Point
“ Minimum Temp. At which sufficient vapors
from a fuel are available in which momentary
flash can be produced when ignited by some
external source.
• Fire Point
“ Minimum Temp. At which sufficient vapors
from a fuel are available in which sustained
combustion can be started, when ignited by
some external source.
 CHEMISTRY OF FIRE
• Auto Ignition Temp. / Spontaneous Combustion
Is the temperature . At which a substance will
ignite and burn without an external source of
ignition

• Auto Ignition Temp. of various substance are:-

– Methane 538 OC
– Ethane 510 OC
– Propane 466 OC
– Petrol 309 OC
 Classification of Fires
British American

• “A” Class Fire • “A” Class Fire

• “B” Class Fire • “B” Class Fire
• “C” Class Fire • “C” Class Fire
• “D” Class Fire • “D” Class Fire
• “E” Class Fire
 A Class Fire
A Class Fire is a Fire
of Solid Fuel. I.e.
Paper, Wood, Carpets,
Cloths etc
 B Class Fire

• B Class Fire is a Fire if Liquid

Fuels I.e. Crude, HSD, JP1, JP4,
JP8, Kero, PMG, NEPHTA, Furnes
and lubricants etc.
 C Class Fire

• C Class Fire is Gases Fire I.e. LPG,

Natural Gas, propane etc.
 D Class Fire
• D Class Fire is a Fire
of Metals I.e.
Potassium,
Magnesium etc.
E Class Fire

• E Class fire is Electric Fire which

includes Electric Wrings, Switch
Boards, Distribution Boards, Electric
panels, switch Gear Room, Computer
hardware's etc.
 SPREAD OF FIRE

CONDUCTION
• Conduction is the process by which heat or
electricity passes through or along some solid
source. For example if we put one corner of a
steel rod in fire the other corner of rod becomes
hot. This is the best example of conduction
• Direct Flame
 SPREAD OF FIRE

CONVECTION
• Convection is the process by which heat
travel through air and other gases and liquids,
for example when we burn the stove the
surrounding atmosphere becomes hot. This is
the best example of convection
 SPREAD OF FIRE

RADIATION

• Radiation is the process by which heat

travel without any source. For example
sunlight comes at earth. This is a best
example for radiation of heat.
FIRE EXTINGUISHING METHODS

• 3 Fire Extinguishing Methods

– Cooling
– Smothering
– Starvation
– Chain Breaking
 COOLING

• By this method
we reduce
temperature to
extinguish the
fire. Fuel
 SMOOTHERING

• By this method
we isolate the
supply of O2 to
extinguish the
fire. Fuel
 STARVATION

• By this method
we isolate the
supply of Fuel to
Extinguish the
fire. Fuel
 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS & EFFECTS

• Water Cooling
• Foam Smothering
• Dry Chemicals Interrupting Chemical Reaction
• Carbon Dioxide Displacing Oxygen
 COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE
• Ignorance or Carelessness.
• Lightening.
• Use of heaters in rooms.
• Untrained Electrician.
• Unattended Rubbish and
furniture.
 COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE
• Careless Smoking
• Short Circuiting (Old/ Wiring, Undersize
wiring)
• Burning Coils
• Burst of Stoves
• Over Loading on Electrical EQ
 COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE
• Welding, Grinding and Cutting work.
• Fire works.
• Un Attended Fire
• Spark From Vehicles
• Dryness of Bearing & Axles.
• Arson
• Sabotage
WHAT TO DO?
Remember SDR
 3Es of Fire Prevention
• Engineering

• Education

• Enforcement

ENGINEERING
Engineering
•Planning
•Designing
•Selection of
Equipments
Education
•Awareness of Planning,
Designing, and
Equipments provided
•Promotional Programs
•Workers feed Back
Enforcement
•Audits, Inspections,
Spot checks
•Allow workers to
STOP unsafe
 FIRE RISK ASSESSMENTS
• Identify
• Fire alarms
• Fire detectors
• Fire fighting equipment
• Proper maintenance of such equipment
• Emergency plans-staff training, drills
• Means of escape-adequate, clear, signed
• Emergency lighting
• Specific fire safety measures to evaluate
NFPA Hazard Classifications
Types of Fire Extinguishers
Carbon Dioxide CO2

Carbon
Dioxide
In
Gaseous
State

Carbon
Dioxide
In Liquid
State

Siphon
Tube
Stored Pressure Water Extinguisher
Stored Pressure Foam Extinguisher
Stored Pressure Dry Chemical Extinguisher
Dry Chemical Cartridge Extinguisher

OPI
Type of fire extinguisher

EXTINGUISHER AGENT FIRE CLASS

Stored –Pressure Water Water A

Carbon Dioxide CO2 CO2 B&C

Aqueous Film Forming Foam Foam A&B

(AFFF)
Dry Chemical Sodium Bicarbonate, Potassium B&C
Bicarbonate, Ammonium
Phosphate, Potassium Chloride

Multipurpose Dry Chemical Mono ammonium Phosphate A, B , C & E

Dry Powder Various, depending on metal type. D

IF YOU FIGHT A FIRE, REMEMBER THE WORD PASS...
PULL... AIM... SQUEEZE... SWEEP...

AIM... Aim low,

PULL... Pull pointing the
the pin. Some extinguisher
extinguishers nozzle (or it's
require releasing a horn or hose) at
lock latch, pressing the base of the
a puncture lever or fire.
other motion.
 SWEEP... Sweep from side
SQUEEZE...
to side at the base of the
Squeeze the
fire until it appears to be
handle. This
out. Watch the fire area
releases the
in case fire breaks out
extinguishing
again, and repeat use of
agent.
extinguisher if necessary.
 Pull Aim

Squeeze Sweep
 PRODUCTS OF FIRE

Thermal products
Heat
Flame
Non thermal products
Smoke
Toxic Gases
 TOXIC GASES
1. Carbon Dioxide Co2
2. Carbon Monoxide Co
3. Sulphur Dioxide So2
4. Hydrogen Sulphide H2s
 EFFECTS ON LIFE
1. Suffocation
2. Vomiting
3. Paralysis
4. Headache
5. Irritation
6. Vision impaired
7. Burn & Scalds
8. It can be the cause of fatal
 AMOUNT OF CO2 IN AIR AND
ITS EFFECTS
Co2 in Air Effects
0.5 % = No symptoms and no permanent danger.
2.0 % = Increase the breathing rate by 50 %
3.0 % = Increase the Breathing rate by 100 %
5.0 % = Vomiting, Dizziness, Difficulties after 30
minutes
8 ~ 10 % = Vomiting, Dizziness, Headache,
unconsciousness and death after short
time.
 PROPERTIES OF H2S
COLOR = COLORLESS
ODOR = VERY OFFENSIVE, ODOR OF ROTTEN EGGS
VAPOUR DENSITY = 1.189(Air=1.0) H2S IS THAN AIR
BOILING POINT = -76ºF
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS = 4.3 TO 46%BY VOL. IN AIR
IGNITION TEMP. = 500ºF
WATER SOLUBLE = YES (4 VOL. GAS IN 1 VOL.
WATER AT 32ºF)
FLAMMABILITY = FORMS EXPLOSIVE
MIXTURES WITH AIR OR OXY.
 AMOUNT OF H2S IN AIR AND
ITS EFFECTS
PPM = Parts per million parts of air by volume
1PPM = 0.0001%(1/10,000 of 1%)------ CAN SMELL

10 PPM = 0.001%(1/1000 of 1%)--------- ALLOWABLE

FOR 8 HRS EXPOSURE
OVER THE ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION, PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT WILL BE NECESSARY

100PPM= 0.01%(1/100 of 1%)---------- KILLS SMELL IN

3—15 MIN. MAY BURNS
EYES AND THROAT
AMOUNT OF H2S IN AIR AND
ITS EFFECTS
500PPM=0.05%(5/100 of 1%)----------------LOSES SENSE
OF REASONING AND BALANCE
*RESPIRATORY DISTURBANCES
IN 2—15 MIN.
*NEEDS PROMPT RESUSCITATION

700PPM=0.07%(7/100 of 1%)--------------- WILL BECOME

UNCONCIOUS QUICKLY.BREATHING
WILL STOP AND DEATH RESULT IF
NOT RESCUED PROMPTLY.
IMMEDIATE ARTIFICIAL RESUSCITATION.
 COMBUSTION EXPLOSION

• These involve the rapid combustion of a

flammable liquid vapor and air the evolution of
heat and light and an increase the pressure. Such
explosions occur when a mixture of flammable
vapor and air is within the explosive range and is
ignited.
 BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOR
EXPLOSIONS (BLEVE)
A BLEVE, the most destructive form of tank rupture,
occurs when liquid in a closed container involved in
fire. Heat causes the liquid to boil, which increases
the internal pressure and creates stress on the
container. Flame impingement on the container metal,
above the liquid level will cause the container to fail –
explosively releasing the pressure. If the liquid in the
container is flammable, such as LPG Gas, it will ignite
as it is released from the container, Creating a
Fireball.
Stage 1 (00Min)
Out Break Of Fire
Due to Leakage On Fitting

Vapors

Liquid
Stage 2 (After10Min)
Pressure in Vapor space has raised
Relief valve have opened and vent
Caught Fire

Vapor

Liquid
Stage 3 (After15Min)
Tank Shell weakening due to
increasing internal pressure.
TANK IS READY TO BLEVE

Vapor

Liquid
Stage Last (Within15 - 20Min)
Tank Shell ruptures. A huge
Fireball erupts radiating heat
over a vest area Fireball
TANK IS READY TO BLEVE

Fuel