ACTIVITY NO.

27
CONSTITUENTS OF URINE
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the experiment, the students should able to know:
 the composition of urine reveals much about body function
 metabolic waste products such as carbon dioxide, urea, uric acid,
creatinine, sodium chloride, and ammonia are normally present
and have no particular pathological significance
 What is constituents of urine?
 Urine is an aqueous solution of greater
than 95% water. Other constituents
include urea, chloride, sodium,
potassium, creatinine and other
dissolved ions, and inorganic and organic
compounds. urea is a non-toxic molecule
made of toxic ammonia and carbon
dioxide.
 What is presence of constituents of
urine?
 The principle inorganic constituents of urine are
chlorides, phosphates, sulfates ammonia. Sodium
chloride and make up about half of the inorganic
substances. Since ammonia is toxic to the body and
lacking in plasma, there is very little of it normally
present in fresh urine.
 What is normal constituents of urine?
 Urine is an aqueous solution of greater than 95% water.
Other constituents includes urea, chloride, sodium,
potassium, creatinine, and other dissolved ions, and
inorganic and organic compounds.
What is abnormal constituents of urine?

There are several conditions that can

cause abnormal components to be
excreted in urine or present as
abnormal characteristics of urine.
 ABNORMAL TYPES OF URINE
Proteinuria-Protein content in urine, often
due to leaky or damaged glomeruli.
Oliguria-An abnormally small amount of
urine, often due to shock or kidney
damage.
Polyuria-An abnormally large amount of
urine, often caused by diabetes.
Dysuria-Painful or uncomfortable urination,
often from urinary tract infections.
Hematuria-Red blood cells in urine, from
infection or injury.
Glycosuria-Glucose in urine, due to excess
plasma glucose in diabetes, beyond the
amount able to be reabsorbed in the
proximal convolted tubule.
What is Diseases of constituents of urine?

 High levels of protein in urine, known as

proteinuria, can be caused by conditions
such as heart failure, diabetes,
inflammatio of the renal pelvis, urinary
tract infections, kidney diseases or
kidney cancer.
PROCEDURE
 A. INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
1. Sulfate
Acidify 5 ml. of urine
with 5 drops of acetic acid
and add a few drops of
barium chloride solution.
Results: White precipitate
occurred
2. Chloride
Acidify 5 ml. of urine with 2
drops of dilute nitric acid, and add
2 drops of silver nitrate.
Result: Curdy white precipitate is observed
due to the presence of chloride
3. Phosphate
a.) Triple Phosphate
To 5 ml. of urine add 1 ml. of ammonium hydroxide and 2 ml. of
magnesium sulfate solution. Allow to stand in a cool place until the next
lab period. Examine the crystals and draw them.
What is the triple phosphate?
Magnesium ammonium phosphate,MgNH4PO4
A crude phosphate fertilizer produced from phosphate rock and
phosphoric acid.
What are the sources of the phosphate
found in urine?
 If there is not enough phosphate, less is
found in the urine. Kidney problems can
cause high or low levels of phosphate in
the urine. High levels of phosphate in
the urine also may be caused by eating
a meal high in phosphorus, having high
levels of vitamin D in your body, or
having an overactive parathyroid gland.
b.) Alkali Phosphate
Render 5 ml. of urine alkaline with 1 ml.
of ammonium hydroxide. Warm and note
what happens.
Results:
4. Iron
Evaporate 15 ml. of urine to dryness under the hood. Cool
and add 5 drops of 6N HCl to the residue. Dilute with 5 ml. of
water. Divide into two portions.
a.) To the first portion, add 1 ml. of ammonium thiocyanate
and note the color produced.
Result:
Ammonium thiocyanate is a colorless
crystalline solid. It is soluble in water.
b.) Treat the second portion with 5 drops of
potassium cyanide and allow to stand for
some time.
Result:
B. ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
1. Urea
Mix 15 ml. of urine and 5 ml. of baryta
mixture (1 volume of saturated solution of
barium nitrate and 2 volumes of sarurated
solution of barium hydroxide). Filter off the
precipitae and evaporate the filtrate to a
thick filter. Allow the filtrate to crystallize in a
cool place until next lab period. Examine the
crystals under the microscope and draw
How does urea become a component of urine?
Urea is an aqueous solution of greater than 95%
water. Other constituents include urea, chloride,
sodium, potassium, creatinine and other dissolved
ions, and inorganic and organic compounds. Urea is a
non toxic molecule made of toxic ammonia and
carbon dioxide.

2. Uric Acid
a.) Acidify 50 ml. of urine with 5 ml. conc. HCl and
stir. Allow to stand until next lab. period for the uric
acid crystals to form. Examine some of the crystals
under the microscope and draw them.
b.)Dissolve some of the crystals in sodium
carbonate solution. Transfer a few drops of
the solution to a strip of filter paper
moistened with silver nitrate solution.
Result:
What property of uric acid is shown by this
test?
Uric acid is produced by the breakdown of
puriness. Puriness are nitrogen-containing
compounds found in the cells of the body,
including our DNA. This test measures the
level of uric acid in the blood or urine.
How does uric acid become a consituent of
urine?
2 Uric Acid stones. Uric acid is an end
3. Creatinine
a.) Weyl's Reaction
To 5 ml. of urine add 5 drops
of sodium nitroprusside. Make
this solution alkaline with dilute
NaOH.
Result: Ruby red color is formed first is
turned into yellow color due to the presence
of creatinine
b.) Jaffe's Reaction
To 5 ml. of urine add 1 ml. of saturated
picric acid solution. Make alkaline with dilute
NaOH.
Result: Red color turns yellow due to the
presence of creatinine

How does creatinine become a component of

urine?
4. Indican(obermeyer's test)
Place 2 ml. each of urine and obermeyer's
reagent in a test tube. Add 1 ml. of
chloroform. Stopper and mix by inverting the
tube several times (do not shake).
Result:
How does indican become a component of urine?
Trytophan is first converted to indole (excreted
in faeces), then to indican by bacteria in the gut.
Indican, being water-soluble, is then excreted
through the urine. It is then transported to the
kidneys for excretion.

5. Hippuric Acid
a.) Mix 1o ml. of urine and 10 ml. of saturated
ammonium sulfate solution. Add 5 drops of conc.
sulfuric acid. Let stand until next lab. period.
Examine the crystals under the microscope and
draw them.
b.) Dissolve some crystals
in 1 ml. of conc. nitric
acid. Evaporate to
dryness on a water bath.
Transfer the residue to a
dry test tube. Heat and
note the odor of
nitrobenzene.
Result: Long prisms was
formed
6. Oxalic Acid
To 20 ml. of urine in a beaker, add 1 ml. of
a saturated solution of calcium chloride.
Acidify slightly with acetic acid and let stand
in a cool place until next lab. period.
Examine the crystals under the microscope
and draw them.
7. Pigments
Place 2 ml. of urine in a test tube and add
1 ml. of dilute ammonium hydroxide. Let
stand for a while and then filter. To the
filtrate, add 3 drops of zinc chloride solution.
Result:
What pigments are usually present in urine?
8. Purine bases
To 3 ml. of urine add 2 ml. of magnesia
mixture (1:2 4 parts by eight of MgSO4,
NH4Cl and conc. NH3). Filter and to the
filtrate add 1 ml. of ammonical silver nitrate.
Result:
C. PATHOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS
One group will be assigned to submit 100
ml. of urine to the instructor who will prepare
the pathological urine sample to be used by
the whole class by adding glucose, egg
albumin, acetone and blood to the normal
urine.
1.Glucose
a.)Place 1 ml. of Benedict's reagent in a test
tube and add 1 ml. of urine sample above.
Boil and note what happens.
Result:
b.) Test a portion of the urine sample with
combistix strip.(Instruction will distribute and
explain its use).
Result:
2. Albumin (Heller's Test)
Place 1 ml. of conc. nitric acid in a test
tube. incline the tube and pour a little of the
urine sample slowly on one side so as to
form a layer over it. Allow to stand slowly
and note what is produced.
Result:
3. Acetone ( Legal's Test)
Place one small crystal of sodium
nitroprusside in a test tube and add a few
drops of water to dissolve the crystal. Add 5
ml. of the urine sample, make alkaline with
10% KOH solution and acidify with glacial
acetic acid. Note the color changes.
Result:
4. Blood
Place 2 ml. of the urine sample in a test
tube. Add 1 ml. of a fresh, saturated solution
of benzidine in glacial acetic acid and mix
thoroughly. Add 1 ml. of 3% hydrogen
peroxide and note the color procedured.
Result:
D. MICROSCOPIC CONSTITUENTS
Fill a conical tube two-thirds with urine.
Centrifuge for 5 minutes. Carefully pour off
the supernant liquid. Place a drop of the
sediment on a clean dry slide. Examine
under the microscope and draw.
What are the different microscopic
constituents of urine?
 QUESTIONS
1. What pathological condition is indicated by:
a,) glucose in urine
-The normal amount of glucose in urine is 0
to 0.8 mmol/L(millimoles per liter). A higher
measurement could be a sign of a health problem.
Diabetes is the most common cause of elevated
glucose levels. Renal glycosuria can cause urine
glucose levels to be high even if blood glucose
levels are normal.
GLUCOSE IN URINE
ALBUMIN IN URINE
 Albuminuria is a sign of
kidney diesease and
means that you have too
much albumin in your
urine. Albumin is a
protein found in the
blood. A healthy kidney
doesn't let albumin pass
from the blood into the
urine. A damaged kidney
lets some albumin pass
 ACETONE IN URINE
 Higher levels of ketones in the
urine indicate that the body is
using fat as the major source
of energy. Ketone bodies that
commonly appear in the urine
when fats are burned for
energy are acetoacetate and
beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
Acetone is also produced and
is expired by the lungs.
 BLOOD IN URINE
 Blood in urine-known
medically as hematuria- is
usually not a reason for
major alarm. Because
blood in urine can be a
sign of a serious medical
condition, however, it
shouldn't be ignored.
2. What is meant by creatinine coefficient and what is
its significance?
“creatinine coefficient” which may be
defined as the amount in milligrams of
creatinine or creatinine nitrogen excreted
daily per kilogram of body weight.
3. Why is lactose found in urine of lactating women?
4. What is the significance of large amounts of
indican in urine?
• Normally, only a small amount of indican is found in the
urine. The amount of urine indican increases with high
protein diets or inefficent protein digestion.
5. What is phosphatura and what is its significance?
• When the proportion of the number of specimens to the
total is compared between the phosphaturia group and
the control group, it is clear that phosphaturia is found
more frequently in specimens from patients with
urolithiasis than in specimens from patients without
urolithiasis (p less than 0.01)
THANK YOU :)
BY:
Breganio, Alyanna Faye J.
Cabingas, Von Andrei