MATERIAL

STUDY
ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN
1654- Shraddha Shenoy

1655- Siddhi Shikare

1656- Shweta Shinde

1657- Kriti Shukla

1. Concrete 2. Wood
Concrete is the most widely One of the oldest, most 3. Steel 4. Stone
used building material in the traditional building materials The city skylines as we Another material used
world, making it a good around the world is of know them exploded over generations in
starting material to get to course timber. The material out of our discovery of certain geographical
know. However it also has is beginning to take on new steel, commonly used locations around the
significant environmental forms thanks to engineered for reinforcement but world, stone has a wide
impacts, including a carbon wood products, and with serving as a beautiful diversity of textures,
footprint of up to 5% of high-rise buildings and even skin in several colours and strengths.
worldwide emissions. To get translucent properties, this examples. Despite its heavy, solid
to know all about designing diverse material is being materiality, one can still
with concrete, the Concrete taken to new heights. work with it to achieve
Center has a collection of reThink Wood has a great diverse forms.
useful reports, many of collection of resources to
which are free with learn about, and help
registration. architects design with,
wood.
5. Textiles 6. Glass 8. Brick
Textiles have been Our most used material Despite its rigid, 11. Carbon Fiber
explored most to achieve transparency rectangular shape Reflecting everything
commonly using and light is without a made to fit in your hand, about our new material
tensile structures, doubt glass, one of the brick architecture has endeavors is carbon fiber:
however there’s a most commonly used been shown to create "five times stronger than
whole range of façade elements in beautiful structures with steel, twice as stiff,
opportunities using this contemporary the right craftsmanship. weighing significantly
material: load-bearing architecture. Some are Innovative thinkers are less." The composition of
chairs, inflatable taking it a step further, also finding new ways carbon fibre makes it
spaces, fabric casting attempting to extend its to incorporate active flexible to work with,
and wooden fabrics properties to create sustainability into the allowing it to take shapes
amongst others. "intelligent" responsive small building elements. from surfaces to rods,
glass. depending on your
requirements.
BANDRA KURLA COMPLEX ONGC
CST
HIGH STREET PHEONIX
TO KNOW ABOUT MATERIALS WE
SHOULD FIRST STUDY THE LOCATION
AND CLIMATE
LOCATION-N.L
GROUND, DAHISAR
(E), MUMBAI
EXTENT -19°15'39.3"N
72°51'54.8"E
HOT AND HUMID
CLIMATE

In hot and humid climatic regions, high

temperatures are accompanied by very high
humidity levels leading to immense discomfort.
Cross ventilation is hence very essential here.
Adequate shading measures are also necessary to
protect the building from direct solar radiation.
The weather of Mumbai remains hot and
humid through out the year. This is mainly
because of the cities proximity to the
Arabian Sea. During November to March the
sky remain clear without clouds and the
temperature also cools down. The
temperature starts rising from the months of
March and it continues until mid June when
the Monsoon breaks out. The monsoon
season in Mumbai follows till September and
it brings a relief from the heat and the
humidity. The temperature in the summer
months usually varies from 35 to 23 degree
Celsius. On the other has winter brings a
respite from the sweltering heat as the
temperature goes down from 29 to 19
degree Celsius.
The main design objectives should be:
( A) Resisting heat gain

Measures that are convenient to resist unwanted heat gain

are:
(a) Decreasing surface area of the building exposed to the
outside
(b) Using materials that take a longer time to heat up.
(c) Providing buffer spaces between the outside and the
inside.
(d) Increasing shading of the building in general.
(e) Using materials that reflect heat.

(B) Promoting heat loss

To promote heat lost it is essential to ensure :
(a) Appliances used are well ventilated.
(b) (b) Proper ventilation occurs throughout the day.
(c) Humidity levels are reduced as much as possible.
WALLS
Brick:
Types of bonds
●Stretcher Bond: The most common
and simplest bond.

●English Bond:A more complex set

of quoins and queen closers is
necessary to achieve the lap for a
raking English Bond.
●Flemish Bond:Flemish bond
brickwork with a thickness of one
brick is the repeating pattern of a
stretcher laid immediately to the rear
of the face stretcher, and then next
along the course, a header.
Advantages
●Economical (Raw material is easily available)

●Hard and durable

●Compressive strength is good enough for ordinary construction

●Different orientations and sizes give different surface textures

●Very low maintenance cost is required

●Reusable and Recyclable

●Highly fire resistant

●Produces less environmental pollution during manufacturing process

Disadvantages
●Time consuming construction

●Since bricks absorb water easily, therefore, it causes fluorescence when not
exposed to air

●Very Less tensile strength

●Rough surfaces of bricks may cause mold growth if not properly cleaned

●Cleaning brick surfaces is a hard job

●Color of low quality brick changes when exposed to sun for a long period of time
Concrete :
Types of concrete walls
●Cast on site as a single unit

●Made using concrete blocks

As a single unit
Using concrete blocks
●Standard size hollow concrete
block – 39 cm * 19 cm * 30 cm
AAC Blocks (AutoClaved Aerated Concrete)
Advantages Disdvantage

●Rapid Execution of Work ●Cost is higher

●Increase in Floor Area

●Reduces Construction Cost

●Better Insulation Properties

●Good Bonding of Mortar & Plaster

●Colour and texture

●The walls should be painted with light pastel shades or whitewashed, while the
surface of the roof can be of broken glazed tile(china mosaic flooring) to reflect the
sunlight back to the environment, and hence reduce heat gain of the building.The
use of appropriate colours and surface finishes is a cheap and very effective
technique to lower indoor temperatures. The surface finish should be protected
from/ resistant to the effects of moisture.
Roofing materials
Polycarbonate
Polycarbonates in construction
industry- flat or curved glazing,
and sound walls, which all use
extruded flat solid or multiwall
sheet, or corrugated sheet.
Uses
Tessellated roofs
• The interlinking shapes are replicated across the
moulded surface using curvilinear coordinates, a
specific technique with rigid interlinking beams,
having characteristics similar to woven fabric.
• A tessellated roof is one of the most flexible
framed systems to design, the measurements
and precision are complex and commonly part of
a computer-aided design process of production.
• The use of a tessellated roof for public areas is
an increasingly implemented architectural feature
of modern public buildings,
covering walkways and over retail centers.
• A transparent roof being for shelter from the
weather, has an advantage during daylight with
electricity for artificial lighting in solid roof
buildings being a financial cost.
• The material of the roof in-between or covering
the tessellated frame may be a
light composite, toughened glass or insulated
glazing.
Solar roofing
• Solar Roof
complements a home’s
architecture while
turning sunlight into
electricity.
• Solar Roof is more
affordable than
conventional roofs
because in most
cases, it ultimately
pays for itself by
reducing or eliminating
a building’s electricity
bill.
Traditional roof tiles are either mined from the ground or set from concrete or clay – all energy intensive
methods.
Once installed, they exist to simply protect a building from the elements despite the fact that they spend a
large portion of the day absorbing energy from the sun.
With this in mind, many companies are now developing solar tiles. Unlike most solar units which are fixed
on top of existing roofing, solar tiles are fully integrated into the building, protecting it from the weather and
generating power for its inhabitants.
Tensile structure
Roof gardens
• Most roofs, exposed as they are to
sun, wind, snow and rain, go
through rather large variations in
temperature.
• These extreme temperatures cause
the roof membrane to shrink in
cooler weather, and expand in hot
weather.
• Solar radiation warms up concrete,
asphalt and other man-made
materials much faster and hotter
than it warms trees, plants, and
greenery.
• The result is a big zone of hot air --
a heat island -- surrounding urban
environments year-round.
SLAB
CONCRETE SLAB
STONE SLAB
CONSTRUCTION OF STONE SLAB
The main applications of the slabs as material of construction are for paving's and in the construction of
roofs. But they can be employed for other uses, among them:

●Balconies formed from a slab

●Dry stone constructions of : walls, caves, rooms.

●The base of some fireplaces are build with stone slabs (a big one or some smaller together).

●In religious altars, the altar stone can be a stone slab, more or less elaborated or in its natural state.

●In rustic tables.

●Slate slabs used for roofs.

STAIRCASE
CONCRETE STAIRECASE
DETAILS ON CONCRETE STAIRCASE
●Can be cast in-situ, precast or combination of both.

●Better fire resistant from timber staircase.

●Common use in multi-storey building.

●Can be formed as straight flight, quarter turn, half turn or geometrical, but usually
half turn.

●The structure of building depends on the structure and convenience of the

building.
WOODEN STAIRCASE
DETAILS OF WOODEN STAIRCASE
ADVANTAGES:

●Allows paddlers easier access from a steep or eroding shoreline.

●Aesthetically pleasing; less disruptive of “natural” shoreline than concrete.

●May be easily and inexpensively repaired if damaged.

DISADVANTAGES:

●Installation may be costly and may require alternation of shoreline.

●May be susceptible to undercutting.

●May require maintenance as stairs age and weather.

STONE STAIRCASE
BRICK STAIRCASE
DETAILS OF BRICK STAIRCASE
●Not frequently used.

●May be built of solid masonry construction or arches may be provided in the

lower portion.

●When arches are provided, the masonry work is reduced and the empty spaces
can be utilized as book shelves, etc.
GLASS STAIRCASE
ABOUT GLASS STAIRCASE
ADVANTAGES:

●Glass is capable of being worked in many ways, blown, drawn and pressed.

●It is not usually effected by air or water or ordinary chemicals.

●Mirrored surfaces increases the sense of space in small enclosed area.

DISADVANTAGES:

●It requires constant maintenance to look good.

METAL STAIRCASE
ABOUT METAL STAIRCASE
●Can be produced in cast iron, mild steel or aluminium alloy for both external and
internal use.

●Usually is custom made, hence more expensive.

●Can be painted or covered with concrete for fire safety reasons.

●Advantage-no need formwork during construction.

●Disadvantage-regular maintenance in the form of painting.

SUSTAINABLE
 A green design concept is to facilitate sustainable use of the resources – energy,
water and other materials – all through the complete life cycle of the building
including its construction.
●Glass is a useful material that has such advantages such as Transparency,
Natural Day-lighting, permitting a sky view and Acoustic control, depending on the
glazing solution used. Glass is a wholly recyclable material.[2] Glass is beloved by
architects as well as designers.

●Glass can play a role in accomplishing greater indoor environmental quality and
when used carefully can improve energy efficiency, however a measured
approach needs to be taken to ensure the building loads are not excessively
increased due to solar gain.

●The intent of a green building design is to curtail the demand on non-renewable

resources, amplify utilization efficiency of these resources when in use, and
augment the reuse, recycling, and consumption of renewable resources.
●Insulating glass (IG), more commonly known as
double glazing (or double-pane, and increasingly
triple glazing[1]/pane), consists of two or three glass
window panes separated by a vacuum or gas filled
space to reduce heat transfer across a part of the
building envelope.

●Insulating glass units (IGUs) are manufactured with

glass in range of thickness from 3 to 10 mm (1/8" to
3/8") or more in special applications. Laminated or
tempered glass may also be used as part of the
construction. Most units are produced with the same
thickness of glass used on both panes but special
applications such as acoustic attenuation or security
may require wide ranges of thicknesses to be
incorporated in the same unit.