Lecture 1: Basic Descriptive Statistics

1. Types of Biological Data

2. Summary Descriptive Statistics
• Measures of Central Tendency
• Measures of Dispersion
3. Assignments
1. Types of Biological Data
Scales of Measurement: General Comments
• Any observation or experiment in biology involves the
collection of information (observe plants)
• Empirical observations become statistical data once they
are cast as some type of measurement (plant height)
• Measurement is the assignment of numbers to objects or
events according to rules (measure plant 1, plant 2, … )
• Different rules lead to different kinds of scales of
measurement
• A dataset can thus be classified according to the type of
scale by which it is measured
– Different scales admit different permissible statistics (see table
summary)
1. Types of Biological Data
Scales of Measurement: General Comments

Observation

Measurement Measurement Measurement Measurement

Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4

Measurement Measurement Measurement Measurement

Scale 1 Scale 2 Scale 3 Scale 4

Data Type 1 Data Type 2 Data Type 3 Data Type 4

1. Types of Biological Data
Scales of Measurement: NOIR
• Data on a Nominal Scale
– A nominal scale assigns numbers as mere labels or types- words or
letters would work just as well
– Example: numbers on jerseys that serve to identify athletic
participants
– Example: rocks can be classified as igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic
• Data on an Ordinal Scale
– An ordinal scale assigns numbers according to some rank ordering
– Example: order in which participant’s finish a race (1st, 2nd, … )
1. Types of Biological Data
Scales of Measurement: NOIR
• Data on an Interval Scale
– An interval scale assigns numbers according to some rank ordering
and assigns the size of intervals in between data (but has no true
zero point)
– Example: The temperature scales of degrees Celsius and degrees
Fahrenheit are interval scales
• The amount of temperature change from 27° C to 32° C is the same as the
temperature change from 104° C to 109° C
• The choices for 0° C and 0° F are arbitrary; that is, it makes no sense to say that
98° F is twice as hot as 49° F
• Data on a Ratio Scale
– A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point.
– Example: A participant’s finish time for a race
• A finish time of 25 seconds is better than 50 seconds (order) and is, indeed,
twice as fast (true zero)
– Example: The Kelvin temperature scale (has an absolute zero)
1. Types of Biological Data
Discrete vs. Continuous
Measurements may take on discrete or continuous values:

• A set of values is discrete if it is countable

– Set of possible number of arms on a starfish
– Set of possible number of leaves on a plant
– Set of possible number of granules of sand on a beach
• A set of values is continuous if it is uncountable
– Set of possible weights of starfish
– Set of possible surface areas for leaves
– Set of possible amounts of time spent counting sand granules
1. Types of Biological Data
Summary: Organizational Chart

Data Types

Non-Metric Metric

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Discrete Continuous
2. Summary Descriptive Statistics of Datasets
Overview
• When a dataset is summarized by its statistical information,
there is a loss of information. That is, given the summary
statistics, there is no way to recover the original data.

• Basic summary statistics may be grouped as:

1. measures of central tendency (giving in some sense the central

value of a data set)
2. measures of dispersion (giving a measure of how spread out that
data set is)
2. Summary Descriptive Statistics of Datasets
Measures of Central Tendency
• Arithmetic Mean
Dataset: x1, x 2,K , x n 

Average: 1 n x  x 2  L  x n 
x   xi  1
 n i1 n

2 12  3 17
Example:
 2,12,3  x    5.7
3 3

This statistic doesn’t make sense for data on nominal or

ordinal scales: jersey numbers, top ten list

2. Summary Descriptive Statistics of Datasets
Measures of Central Tendency
• Median: half the dataset fall below this value; half above

Dataset: 30, 40, 50,1000000,40,45

Median: 40  45  42.5
 2

This statistic doesn’t make sense for data on nominal

scales:
 jersey numbers

The median is less effected by outliers than the mean; in

this case the mean is approximately 167,000
2. Summary Descriptive Statistics of Datasets
Measures of Central Tendency
• Mode: The mode is the most frequently occurring value (or
values - there may be more than one) in a data set

Dataset: 30, 40, 50,1000000,40,45

Mode: 40


This statistic is meaningful for all scales


2. Summary Descriptive Statistics of Datasets
Measures of Central Tendency
• Midrange: The midrange is the value halfway between the
largest and smallest values in the data set

Dataset: x1, x 2,K , x max ,K , x min ,K 

x min  x max
Midrange: x mid 
 2

This statistic doesn’t make sense for data on nominal or

ordinal scales: jersey numbers, top ten list

2. Summary Descriptive Statistics of Datasets
Measures of Central Tendency
• Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of a set of n data is
the nth root of the product of the n data values,

Dataset: x1, x 2,K , x n 

 n 1 n
Geometric Mean: x geom   x i   n x1  x1 L x n
  i1 
The geometric mean arises as an appropriate estimate of
growth rates of a population when the growth rates vary
through time
 or space

It is always less than or equal to the arithmetic mean

2. Summary Descriptive Statistics of Datasets
Measures of Dispersion
• Range
Dataset: x1, x 2,K , x max ,K , x min ,K 
Range: xmax  xmin

•  the mean sum of the squares of the deviations of

Variance:
the data from the arithmetic mean

– The “best” estimate of this (take a good statistics class to find out
how “best” is defined) is the sample variance:

 i 
1
s2  
2
x x
n 1 i1

• Standard Deviation: s  var


2. Summary Descriptive Statistics of Datasets
Table Summary

Permissible
Statistic/Opera Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
tion

Mode ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Median ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓

Addition,
Mean, ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓
Variance

Multiplication,
✗ ✗ ✗ ✓
Ratio
3. Assignments
Homework, MATLAB
1. Homework: Chapter 1 Exercises 1.2 - 1.5.
2. Download MATLAB as soon as possible. We will begin
working with MATLAB in class next Thursday.
 Homework
1.1
Exercise capacity (in seconds) was determined for each of 11
patients who were being treated for chronic heart failure:
906, 1320, 711, 1170, 684, 1200, 837, 1056, 897, 882, 1008
(a) Determine the mean and the median of the data.
Solution:
906 1320 L 1008
mean   970.09
11
To find the median, we first order the data:
684, 711, 837, 882,
 897, 906, 1008, 1056, 1170, 1200, 1320
 Since there are eleven (an odd number) data points, the median
will be the 6th data point. That is, the median is 906.
Homework
1.2
Daily crude oil output (in millions of barrels) is shown below for
the years 1971 to 1990.
9.45 9.40 9.25 8.75 8.30 8.10 8.25 8.70 8.55 8.60
8.55 8.65 8.70 8.70 8.91 8.60 8.20 7.70 7.20 6.75
Compute the mean, median, and mode for the data.

Solution: Let’s use MATLAB to solve this problem.

Homework
1.2
Homework
1.4
Ten hospital employees on a standard American diet agreed to
adopt a vegetarian diet for one month. Below is the change
in the serum cholesterol level (before - after).
49, −10, 27, 13, 36, 19, 48, 21, 8, 16
(a) Compute the median and mean change in cholesterol.
(b) Compute the range, variance and standard deviation of the
data. Is the data fairly spread out or close together?
Solution: Again we use MATLAB.
Homework
1.4
 Homework
1.4
In order to study for the quiz, we now do these by hand. First we
rewrite the dataset in numerical order:
-10, 8, 13, 16, 19, 21, 27, 36, 48, 49
Since there are ten (an even number) data points, the median
will be halfway between 19 and 21. That is, the median is
20. Finding the variance is more work:
1 n 1 n
s 
2

n 1 i1
x i  x  
2

10 1 i1
x i  22.7
2

1
9

 10  22.7  8  22.7 L  49  22.7
2 2 2

 
 329.7889  std  s  329.7889 18.1601


Homework
1.5
Twelve sheep were fed pingue as a part of an experiment and
died as a result. The time of death in hours after the
administering of pingue for each sheep follows:
44 27 24 24 36 36 44 120 29 36 36 36
Compute the range, variance and standard deviation of the
sample.
Answer:
range: 96
variance: 663.8182
std: 25.7647