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This document discusses momentum transport in fluids. It begins by defining Newton's law of viscosity for Newtonian fluids. It then discusses non-Newtonian fluids like Bingham plastics, pseudoplastics, and dilatant fluids which do not follow Newton's law. The document generalizes the description of non-Newtonian fluids to multidirectional flow and isotropic fluids. It introduces the concepts of molecular stress and convective momentum transport, and defines the total momentum flux as the combination of these.

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Patricia de Leon
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39 views15 pages

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This document discusses momentum transport in fluids. It begins by defining Newton's law of viscosity for Newtonian fluids. It then discusses non-Newtonian fluids like Bingham plastics, pseudoplastics, and dilatant fluids which do not follow Newton's law. The document generalizes the description of non-Newtonian fluids to multidirectional flow and isotropic fluids. It introduces the concepts of molecular stress and convective momentum transport, and defines the total momentum flux as the combination of these.

Uploaded by

Patricia de Leon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Momentum Transport

Newton’s Law of Viscosity


• Shear stress may be defined as:
𝐹 𝑉
=𝜇
𝐴 𝑌
• Thus in terms of differentials we have
𝑑𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇
𝑑𝑦
• Fluid that follows the Newton’s Law of
Viscosity is called the Newtonian fluids
• Polymeric liquids, suspensions, pastes, slurries
and other complex fluids are referred to as
non-Newtonian fluids
Non-Newtonian Fluids
• Bingham Plastics –differ only from Newtonian
Fluid only in that the linear relationship[ does
not go thru the origin. A finite yield stress (𝜏0 )
is needed to initiate flow.
– Examples are drilling muds, peat slurries,
margarine, chocolate mixtures, greases, soap,
grain-water suspensions, toothpaste, paper pulp
and sewage sludge
𝑑𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇 + 𝜏0
𝑑𝑦
• Pseudoplastic fluids-as shear rate increases,
shear stress decreases
– Examples are polymer melts, greases, starch
suspension, mayonnaise, biological fluids,
detergent slurries, dispersion media in certain
pharmaceuticals and paints
– Follows the power-law model
𝑛
𝑑𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝐾 − 𝑛<1
𝑑𝑦
K- consistency index (N-sn/m2), n – flow behavior
index, dimesionless
𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑛−1
Apparent viscosity: 𝜇 𝑎 = 𝐾 −
𝑑𝑦
• Dilatant Fluids – far less common than
pseudoplastics
– as shear rate increases, shear stress increases
exponentially
– Power law model:
𝑛
𝑑𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝐾 − 𝑛>1
𝑑𝑦
– Examples are flour-sugar solutions, wet beach
sand, starch in water, potassium silicate in water,
and some solutions containing high concentration
of powder in water
GENERALIZATION OF NLV
• NLV we have discussed is based on
unidirectional flow.
• But consider the flow is multidirectional:
components of velocity vector 𝐯 is 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 and
𝑣𝑧
• There are three forces possessed by the fluid:
– Pressure forces – forces perpendicular to the
exposed surface (has 3 components: 𝑝𝛿𝑥 , 𝑝𝛿𝑦 and
𝑝𝛿𝑧 )
– Gravity forces – pull of gravity on the fluid’s weight
– Viscous forces – forces when there are velocity
gradients within the fluid; at some angle to the
surface. Has 9 components (a tensor):
𝜏𝑥 : 𝜏𝑥𝑥 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝜏𝑦 : 𝜏𝑦𝑥 , 𝜏𝑦𝑦 , 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑧 : 𝜏𝑧𝑥 , 𝜏𝑧𝑦 , 𝜏𝑧𝑧
• If we neglect gravity force, the sum of
pressure and viscous forces is called molecular
stress:
𝜋𝑖𝑗 = 𝑝𝛿𝑖𝑗 + 𝜏𝑖𝑗
• Restriction:
– Viscous forces are linear combination of all
velocity gradients (has 81 quantities of viscosity
coefficients ):
𝑑𝑣𝑘
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = − σ𝑘 σ𝑙 𝜇𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙
𝑑𝑥𝑙
– Neglect time derivatives and time integrals
– If the fluid is in pure rotation, we do not expect
viscous forces. Thus, the only symmetric linear
combinations of velocity gradients are
𝑑𝑣𝑗 𝑑𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧
+ and + + 𝛿𝑖𝑗
𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
• If the fluid is isotropic (no preferred direction),
the expression in front of the two expression is
scalar:
𝑑𝑣𝑗 𝑑𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝐴 + +𝐵 + + 𝛿𝑖𝑗
𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2
• Dynamicists set 𝐵 = 𝜇
− 𝜅, 𝜅 is dilatational
3
viscosity and 𝐴 = 𝜇, thus
𝜏𝑖𝑗
𝑑𝑣𝑗 𝑑𝑣𝑖
=𝜇 +
𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗
2 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧
+ 𝜇−𝜅 + + 𝛿𝑖𝑗
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
• In terms of the vector tensor notation:
+
2
𝛕 = −𝜇 𝛻𝐯 + 𝛻𝐯 + 𝜇−𝜅 𝛻⋅𝐯 𝛅
3
• Just read about the viscosity of liquids, gases
and emulsions and their dependency on
temperature, pressure and porosity
Convective Momentum Transport
• Momentum can be transported by the bulk
flow of the fluid
• Consider a volume of fluid in the figure
• Thus the total flux of the
x-directed flow: 𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝐯 → 𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 , 𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦 , 𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑧
y-directed flow: 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝐯 → 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑥 , 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑦 , 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑧
z-directed flow: 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝐯 → 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑥 , 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑦 , 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧
• to generalize:
𝜌𝐯𝐯 = σ𝑖 𝛿𝑖 𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝐯 = σ𝑖 𝛿𝑖 𝜌𝑣𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛿𝑗 𝑣𝑗
𝜌𝐯𝐯 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛿𝑖 𝛿𝑗 𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑗
Combined momentum flux
• Total of molecular stresses and convective
transport
𝛟 = 𝛑 + 𝜌𝐯𝐯 = 𝑝𝛅 + 𝛕 + 𝜌𝐯𝐯
• Examples:

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