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Balancing Redox Equations

1) The document describes the 7 step process for balancing redox equations in acidic conditions using the reaction between potassium permanganate and sodium sulfite as an example. 2) It also discusses how to balance redox equations in neutral/alkaline conditions by adding OH- ions, and provides the balanced equation for the reaction of potassium permanganate and sodium sulfite in strongly alkaline media. 3) Finally, it provides an overview of redox titrations, listing some common oxidizing and reducing agents used.

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Alex Stoll
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260 views19 pages

Balancing Redox Equations

1) The document describes the 7 step process for balancing redox equations in acidic conditions using the reaction between potassium permanganate and sodium sulfite as an example. 2) It also discusses how to balance redox equations in neutral/alkaline conditions by adding OH- ions, and provides the balanced equation for the reaction of potassium permanganate and sodium sulfite in strongly alkaline media. 3) Finally, it provides an overview of redox titrations, listing some common oxidizing and reducing agents used.

Uploaded by

Alex Stoll
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Balancing Redox Equations in

Acidic Conditions
 Take the reaction between potassium permanganate
（KMnO4) and sodium sulfite (NaSO3)
 7 steps are required to balance the full ionic equation
from 2 separate half equations (oxidation & reduction)
Step 1
 Write 2 half-equations for the reaction.
 MnO4-→Mn2+
 SO32-→SO42-
Step 2
 Balance oxygen atoms using H2O
 MnO4- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
 SO32- + H2O → SO42-
Step 3
 Balance H with H+
 8H+ + MnO4- → Mn3+ + 4H2O
 SO32- + H2O → SO42- + 2H+
Step 4
 Balance the charges with electrons
 8H+ + MnO4- + 5e- → Mn2+ 4H2O
 SO32- + H2O → SO42- + 2H+ + 2e-
Step 5
 Multiply the 2 half-equations by whole numbers (the
lowest common multiple of the 2 stoichiometric
coefficients in front of the electrons) so that electrons
gained in the reduction reaction equals electrons given
out by the oxidation reaction
 In this case the reduction reaction needs to be
multiplied by 2 while the oxidation reaction needs to
be multiplied by 5 to get a common number of
electrons 10
 16H+ + 2MnO4- + 10e- → 2Mn2+ 8H2O
 5SO32- + 5H2O → 5SO42- + 10H+ + 10e-
Step 6
 Add the 2 half-reactions
 16H+ + 2MnO4- + 10e- + 5SO32- + 5H2O → 2Mn2+ 8H2O
+ 5SO42- + 10H+ + 10e-
 The electrons cancel on the both sides to give:
 16H+ + 2MnO4- + 5SO32- + 5H2O → 2Mn2+ 8H2O +
5SO42- + 10H+
Step 7
 Subtract H+ & H2O which occur on both sides of the
equation
 The consumption of 16H+ & the production of 10H+ is
equal to a net consumption of 6H+
 The consumption of 5 H2O molecules & the
production of 8 H2O molecules is equal to the net
production of 3 H2O molecules
 6H+ + 2MnO4- + 5SO32- → 2Mn2+ 3H2O + 5SO42-
Points to note
• The H2O molecules always appear on the right hand-
side (RHS) of the reduction (8H+ + MnO4- + 5e- →
Mn2+ 4H2O)
• reaction but on the left-hand side (LHS) of the
oxidation (SO32- + H2O → SO42- + 2H+ + 2e- reaction
• The H+ ions always appear on the opposite side of H2O
molecules in both of the half-equations and the net
ionic equation.
• 6H+ + 2MnO4- + 5SO32- → 2Mn2+ 3H2O + 5SO42-
Balancing redox equations for
neutral or alkaline conditions
 The reaction taking place is between potassium
permanganate and sodium sulfite to form manganese
dioxide (MnO2)
 The method used for balancing equations in acidic
conditions is used; then 1 OH- is added for every H+ in
the equation
Step 1
 Write the 2 half-reactions
 MnO4- → MnO2
 SO32-SO42-
Steps 2-7
 Follow the same steps as steps 2-4 for the reaction
in acidic media to get the following 2 half-
equations:
 4H+ + MnO4- + 3e- → MnO2 + 2H2O (x2)
 SO32- + H2O → SO42- + 2H+ + 2e- (x3)
 Multiplying the reduction reaction by 2, the
oxidation by 3, adding together and simplifying
gives:
 2H+ + 2MnO4- + 3SO32- → 2MnO2 + H2O + 3SO42-
Step 8
 Add OH- to convert any H+ to H2O. Any OH-
added to 1 side of the equation must also be added
to the other side.
 2H+ + 2OH- 2MnO4- + 3SO32- → 2MnO2 + H2O +
3SO42- + 2OH-
 Which simplifies to:
 2H2O + 2MnO4- + 3SO32- → 2MnO2 + H2O + 3SO42-
+2 OH-
 Which simplifies further to:
 H2O + 2MnO4- + 3SO32- → 2MnO2 + 3SO42- +2 OH-
Balancing Redox equations in
strongly alkaline conditions
 Take the reaction between potassium
permanganate & sodium sulfite in strongly
alkaline media
 MnO4- → MnO42-
 SO32-SO42-
 Following the same steps of balancing the
equation in acidic media, then adding OH- for
every H+ results in:
 2MnO4- + SO32- + 2OH-→ 2MnO42- + SO42- + H2O
Redox Titrations
 Similar to acid-base titrations
 Acid-base titration: transfer of 1 or more hydrogen ions
(protons) from the acid to the base
 Redox Titration: transfer of one/more electrons from a
reducing agent to an oxidizing agent
Oxidizing agents for redox
titrations
 Acidified manganate (VII) ions (permanagate)
 8H+ + MnO4- + 5e- → Mn2+ 4H2O
 MnO4- is purple but Mn2+ is almost colourless
Oxidizing agent for redox titrations
2
 Acidified dichromate (VI) ions
 14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6e-  2Cr3+ + 7H2O
 Cr2O72- are orange in colour
 Cr3+ is green
 Can be used as primary standards (a reagent which is
very pure, & can be used to prepare a solution of
known concentration)
Some more oxidizing agents
 Iron (III) ions/salts
 Fe3+ + e-  Fe2+
 Iodine:
 I2 + 2e-  2I-
 I2 is red brown while I- is colourless
 Acidified hydrogen peroxide
 H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e-  2H2O
Reducing agents for redox
titrations
 Iron(II) salts/ions
 Fe2+  Fe3+ + e-
 Hydrogen peroxide if a more powerful oxidizing agent
e.g. dichromate (VI) or manganate (VII) is present
 H202  2H+ + O2 + 2e-
 Iodide ions: 2I-  I2 + 2e-
 Sodium thiosulfate (VI): 2S2O32-  S4O62- + 2e-

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