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Fuel Injection System

The document discusses fuel injection systems used in vehicles. It describes key components like the fuel injectors, fuel pump, electronic control module, and various sensors. Different types of fuel injection systems are outlined such as throttle body injection, multi-point fuel injection, and direct injection. The advantages of fuel injection systems over carbureted systems are also summarized such as improved engine response, fuel efficiency, and emissions control.

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jayant pathak
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571 views26 pages

Fuel Injection System

The document discusses fuel injection systems used in vehicles. It describes key components like the fuel injectors, fuel pump, electronic control module, and various sensors. Different types of fuel injection systems are outlined such as throttle body injection, multi-point fuel injection, and direct injection. The advantages of fuel injection systems over carbureted systems are also summarized such as improved engine response, fuel efficiency, and emissions control.

Uploaded by

jayant pathak
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM

Submitted By- 07328


07330
Air-fuel ratio
 Air-fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio of air to fuel present during combustion. When
all the fuel is combined with all the free oxygen, typically within a vehicle's
combustion chamber, the is chemically balanced and this AFR is called the
stoichiometric mixture . AFR is an important measure for anti-pollution and
performance tuning reasons.
 For gasoline fuel, the stoichiometric air/fuel mixture is approximately 14.7 times
the mass of air to fuel. Any mixture less than 14.7 to 1 is considered to be a rich
mixture, any more than 14.7 to 1 is a lean mixture - given perfect (ideal) "test" fuel.
 Lean mixtures produce hotter combustion gases than does a stoichiometric
mixture, so much so that pistons can melt as a result. Rich mixtures
produces cooler combustion gases than does a stoichiometric mixture,
primarily due to the excessive amount of carbon which oxidises to form
carbon monoxide, rather than carbon dioxide. The chemical reaction
oxidizing carbon to form carbon monoxide releases significantly less heat
than the similar reaction to form carbon dioxide.
Fuel Injection System
 Fuel injection is a technology used
in internal combustion engines to
mix the fuel with air prior to
combustion.

 As in a traditional carburettor, fuel


is converted to a fine spray and
mixed with air. However, where a
traditional carburettor forces the
incoming air through a venturi to
pull the fuel into the air stream, a
fuel injection system forces the
fuel through nozzles under
pressure to inject the fuel into the
air stream without requiring a
venturi.
 The fuel injection system consists of several different SENSORS located in
various locations all around the car. There are sensors to detect air
pressure, air temperature, throttle angle, air density, fuel temperature,
fuel pressure, oil pressure, coolant temperature, exhaust temperature,
crank angle, timing, engine rpm, and speed, to name a few. Every time the
car is started, the ECU (electronic control unit) scans all of the sensors to
determine their functionality.
 The use of a venturi reduces volumetric efficiency by approximately 15%,
which results in a reduction in engine power. Thus, a fuel injection system
increases the power that an engine with the same engine displacement
will produce.
Types Of Fuel Injection System
 Mechanical Fuel
Injection- One of the
first commercial gasoline
injection systems was a
mechanical system
developed by Bosch and
introduced in 1952
Types Of Fuel Injection System
 Electronic Fuel
Injection-The first
commercial electronic
fuel injection (EFI)
system was
Electrojector,
developed by the
Bendix Corporation
and was to be offered
by American Motors
(AMC) in 1957.
FUEL INJECTORS
 Main function of an fuel injector
is quick and complete
combustion
 FUNCTIONS

 1.Atomization of fuel into fine

droplets
2.Increasing the surface area of
fuel droplets resulting in better
mixing and complete
combustion

atomization is done by forcing


the fuel through small orifice
under high pressure
Injector assembly

 An Injector assembly consists of

1. Needle valve
2. Compression
spring
3. Nozzle
4. Injector body
Working of fuel injectors
 When pressurized fuel is
supplied by injection pump it
exerts sufficient force against
the valve spring to lift the
nozzle valve
 Fuel is sprayed into the
combustion chamber in a
finely atomized particles
 After fuel from delivery pump
gets exhausted, the spring
pressure pushes the nozzle
valve back on its seat
 The spring tension and hence
the valve’s opening is
controlled by adjusting the
screw provided at the top
Typical EFI components

typical fuel injector.


Important parts of fuel injection
system
 Injectors
 Fuel Pump
 Fuel Pressure Regulator
 ECM - Engine Control Module; includes a digital computer and
circuitry to communicate with sensors and control outputs.
 Wiring Harness
 Various Sensors (Some of the sensors required are listed here.)
 Crank/Cam Position: Hall effect sensor
 Airflow: MAF sensor, sometimes this is inferred with a MAP
sensor
 Exhaust Gas Oxygen: Oxygen sensor, EGO sensor, UEGO sensor
Fuel pump

 A fuel pump is a frequently (but not always)


essential component of an automobile. It is mainly
used non-gravity feed designs, fuel has to be
pumped from the fuel tank to the engine under
high pressure to the fuel injection system. Fuel
injected engines often use electric fuel pumps that
are mounted inside the fuel tank (and some fuel
injected engines have two fuel pumps: one low
pressure/high volume supply pump in the tank and
one high pressure/low volume pump on or near
the engine).

 The one inside the fuel tank is a transfer pump and


the one next to the fuel tank is the main fuel pump
Various injection schemes

 Throttle body injection


 Continuous injection
 Central port injection (CPI)
 Multi-point fuel injection
 Direct injection
 TDCI
 CRDI
Throttle body injection

 Throttle-body injection (called


TBI by General Motors and
Central Fuel Injection (CFI) by
Ford) or single-point injection
was introduced in the 1940s in
large aircraft engines (then
called the pressure carburetor)
and in the 1980s in the
automotive world. The TBI
system injects fuel at the
throttle body (the same
location where a carburetor
introduced fuel).
Continuous injection

 In a continuous injection system, fuel flows at all times from the fuel
injectors, but at a variable rate. This is in contrast to most fuel injection
systems, which provide fuel during short pulses of varying duration,
with a constant rate of flow during each pulse. Continuous injection
systems can be multi-point or single-point, but not direct.
 The most common automotive continuous injection system is Bosch's
K-Jetronic. K-Jetronic was used for many years between 1974 and the
mid 1990s by BMW, Lamborghini, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz,
Volkswagen, Ford, Porsche, Audi, Saab, DeLorean, and Volvo. There
was also a variant of the system called KE-Jetronic with electronic
instead of mechanical control of the control pressure.
Central Port Injection
 General Motors developed a new "in-between" technique called central
port injection or CPI. It uses tubes from a central injector to spray fuel at
the intake port rather than the throttle-body (it is a dry system). However,
fuel is continuously injected to all ports simultaneously, which is less than
optimal.
 Sequential central point injection-GM refined the CPI system
into a sequential central port injection (SCPI) system in the mid-1990s. It
used valves to meter the fuel to just the cylinders that were in the intake
phase. This worked well on paper, but the valves had a tendency to stick.
Fuel injector cleaner sometimes worked, but the system remained
problematic.
Multi-point fuel injection

 Multi-point fuel injection injects fuel


into the intake port just upstream of
the cylinder's intake valve, rather than
at a central point within an intake
manifold. MPFI (or just MPI) systems
can be sequential, in which injection is
timed to coincide with each cylinder's
intake stroke, batched, in which fuel is
injected to the cylinders in groups,
without precise synchronization to any
particular cylinder's intake stroke, or
Simultaneous, in which fuel is injected
at the same time to all the cylinders.
Direct injection

 The newest method for petrol engines now is direct injection or DI. It has
a special fuel injector inside the combustion chamber itself, along with the
valves and spark plugs.
 Direct fuel injection costs more than indirect injection systems: the
injectors are exposed to more heat and pressure, so more costly materials
and higher-precision electronic management systems are required.
CRDI
 In a common rail system, the fuel from the fuel tank is supplied to the
common header (called the acculmulator).

 With this system, high pressure fuel is accumulated at a common rail. This
eliminates the need for a fuel force-feed system based on the number of
cylinders.
 The supply pump draws the fuel up from the tank for force-feeding to the
common rail, until the required common rail pressure is reached. An
injector mounted on each cylinder then distributes the high-pressure fuel
to each injector via the common rail. The ECU controls fuel delivery timing
and amount
Advantages Of FIS

 Smoother and more dependable engine response during quick throttle


transitions, easier and more dependable engine starting.
 An engine's air/fuel ratio must be precisely controlled under all operating
conditions to achieve the desired engine performance, emissions,
driveability, and fuel economy.
 A multipoint fuel injection(MPFI) system generally delivers a more
accurate and equal mass of fuel to each cylinder than can a carburetor,
thus improving the cylinder-to-cylinder distribution.
 Fuel injection generally increases engine fuel efficiency.
 A fuel-injected engine often produces more power than an equivalent
carbureted engine. Fuel injection alone does not necessarily increase an
engine's maximum potential output. Increased airflow is needed to burn
more fuel, which in turn releases more energy and produces more power

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