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Biotics: Biotics Refers To Bacteria

This document discusses biotics such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and antibiotics. It provides definitions for these terms and notes that probiotics are viable microorganisms that when consumed in sufficient amounts can positively impact health. The document also discusses the history of probiotics, noting their use as far back as 4000 BC and the coining of the term "probiotics" in 1953.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
55 views14 pages

Biotics: Biotics Refers To Bacteria

This document discusses biotics such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and antibiotics. It provides definitions for these terms and notes that probiotics are viable microorganisms that when consumed in sufficient amounts can positively impact health. The document also discusses the history of probiotics, noting their use as far back as 4000 BC and the coining of the term "probiotics" in 1953.

Uploaded by

Dina
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Eat your Yogurt

Biotics:
Pre-, Pro, Syn- and Antibiotics J.E. Butler, Eckhart Ziegler & David Elliott

Biotics refers to Bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus
Nomenclature & Definitions
Microorganism: Largely unicellular organisms that need optical magnification to be seen

Procaryotic: Organisms like bacteria which lack a membrane-defined nucleus. DNA “free” in the cytosol

Eucaryotic: Protozoans and all multicellular life forms that possess a nucleus surrounded by a membrane
that contains genomic DNA in the form of “interrupted genes”, i.e. introns and exons.

Plasmids, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts etc: Self-replicating “organelles” in cells that contain


their own DNA which is separate from nuclear DNA

Biotics: A term that is functionally equivalent to “bacteria”


Probiotics: Viable microorganisms, given in sufficient amounts ( 10 8 -1010 daily)
that reach the intestine in active form and exert a positive health effect.
Prebiotics: A food source especially for the existing microbiome and for probiotics
Synbiotics: A therapeutic mixture of pre- and probiotics
Antibiotics: Substances especially made by bacteria and fungi, that kills or
arrest the growth of other bacteria
Microbiome: The ecological community of bacteria that lives on and within us
Life on Earth Belongs to Three Supergroups

Bacteria (Eubacteria & Archea) are Procaryotic Organism

Eubacteria and the Archea account for >98% of all species


and 85% of the world biomass

60% of the planet is marine and therefore harbors


the majority of the world’s bacteria and biomass

A column of ocean in the Marianas contains 10 30 microbes


with a biomass equal to 240 billion African elephants

Eucaryotes (Eucarya) were late comers and comprise a


small fraction of the world biomass
Eucaryotes and Vertebrates Arrived Late in the Development of Life on Earth
Time expressed in billions of years (Ga) and converted to a twelve hour day
Land vertebrates 4.0 Archea 3.8 Ga; 0:20 AM
11:25 PM
Mammals 11:50 PM Anaerobic Eubacteria 3.6 Ga; 1:12 AM

Hominoids 11:58 PM
Land plants 0.45 Ga;
10:35 PM

Photosynthesis 3.2 Ga; 2:29 AM


Fishes 0.52 Ga;
10:30 PM 1.0 Life on Earth in Billions of 3.0
Years
For ~4 billion years
autotrophs that were
able to derive energy
from H2, S and C02,were
the dominant life forms
Multicellularity 1.7 Ga; 6:55 PM
Full oxygenation, aerobic Eubacteria 2.4 Ga; 4:40 AM
Unicellular eucaryotes 1.8 Ga; 6:36 PM 2.0
Life on Earth Built a Pyramid Four Billion Years before the Egyptians
Vertebrates

Terrestrial Plants & Animals

Mutualism Multicellular
(Eucaryotic)
Aquatic

Marine

Rise of Symbiosis

Anaerobic
Archeobacteria (Archea)
(Autotrophs)
Humans are a mobile ecosystem of bacteria, viral DNA and
eukaryotic cells that share a common chemistry
Human and other life forms are linked by their use of nucleic acids, e.g. DNA
DNA directs all the systems that control/regulate life on earth
Replication of DNA allows for traits to be passed from one generation to the next

All life forms build structures and mediate their metabolism through the use of proteins
Proteins provide the building blocks for structural features of life
The regulatory elements that control the actions of DNA are proteins
The enzymes that control metabolism, e.g. enzymes, are proteins

Humans and bacteria share > 90% of their genes


The mechanisms for DNA (gene) replication found in bacteria is retained in
higher life forms
Phage and viral DNA is incorporated into the genome of bacteria and higher life forms
Bacterial and eukaryotic cells carry self-replicating organelles for certain functions

Niel deGrosse Tyson (astrophysicist): “More bacteria live and work in your colon than the sum of all humans ever born”
The Gut Microbiome Evolved from Commensals to Mutualists
Humans harbors 10 14 bacteria of ~1000 species in their gut, i.e. the Gastro-Intestinal
Tract (GIT) microbiome. [Punn intended: “Git up and Go”]
That means 2 bacteria for each human cell
The human microbiome weighs 3 lbs or about the same as the brain
60% of your feces is your microbiome [The “Go” in git up and Go]

Commensals utilize nutrients and do no harm

Pathobionts are harmful to the host, cause disease and tissue damage.

Most members of the GIT microbiome are mutualists that thrive in a nutrient-rich
environment and provide critical metabolites for the host.

The human host provides:


Shelter from dessication and a stable temperature and pH
A continuous supply of food for all members of the microbiome
Attachment sites that are critical for the survival of some microbiome members
What does the Gastrointestinal (GIT) Microbiome do for the host?
Nutrient value of GIT mutualists
The GIT microbiome generates vitamins B and K
Certain bacteria, convert complex polysaccharides into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)
that are require to maintain the integrity of the gut epithelium
Ruminant mammals, cockroaches, termites and many others, are almost entirely
dependent on the GIT microbiome for their nutrition

Protective value of GIT mutualists


“Competitive exclusion” or “colonization resistance” prevents pathobionts from
dominating the gut ecosystem
Mutualists secrete anti-microbial (antibiotics) like bacitracin that kills
or inhibits the growth of pathobionts
Surface colonization and “quorum sensing” provides inter-bacterial communication that
adjusts and maintains a barrier that discourages pathogens
The microbiome keeps the GIT in a state of “controlled inflammation” , i.e. the host
immune system is in a state of readiness
Bacterial Diversity Stem Procaryote

Archaebacteria Eubacteria
[Archaea] [“Bacteria”]
Shape

Gram Positive Gram Negative Rods

Aerobic Anaerobic Cocci

Faculative Anerobes Spiral


Common Example Genus Disease
Gram positive cocci Staphylococcus Wound and urinary infection
Streptococcus Bacterial pneumonia
Gram positive rod Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Clostridium Tetanus, Botulism, Colitis
Intracellular Gram positive rod Listeria Meningitis
Gram negative aerobic rod Bordetella Whooping cough
Gram negative facultative rod Salmonella Typhus, food poisoning
E. coli Diarrhea
Gram negative spiral Borrelia Lymes disease
Treponema Syphilus
Helicobacter Gastric ulcers
The History of Probiotics: From “Yaks to Yogurt”
4000 BC Abraham owed his longevity to sour milk (Genesis 18:8)

76 BC Plinius recommended fermented milk for gastritis

1907 Metchinikoff (“father of cellular immunology”) suggested fermented milk


(Lactobacillus) could ameliorate the ”negative effects” of gut flora

1921 Lactobacillus acidophilus can restores the positive effect of “healthy gut flora”

1953 Kollath first coined the word “probiotics” as “being necessary for life”

1965 Lilly & Stillwell: Probiotics made antibiotics that encouraged growth of other bacteria

1992 Currently accepted definition of probiotics by Havenaar et al (refer to slide #2)

!995 First definition of prebiotics (Gibson and Roberfroid)


Growth of the Probiotics Industry
A 10 billion dollar industry in 2000 has grown to 48 million in 2017
Japan has been the leader with > 300 firms
The probiotic soft drink (Bikkle) launced in 1993 achieved 11 billion in sales in 2015
Highest future growth is expected in China, India and Japan
Europe has been the world’s largest market and 250 million kg of yogurt were produced in 1997
After 2000 the rate of publications increased faster than the experiments that supported them!

“Vertrauen ist gut aber


Kontroll ist besser”
Probiotics: 21st Century Wonder Drug Re-discovered?
Probiotics claim to resolve/reduce > 20 human maladies from diarrhea to cancer and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Diarrhea Helicobacteria pylorus

Increase in Anti-allergic Cytokines Decrease in frequency of “common cold”


Prebiotics Provide the Nutrients for Probiotics and the Resident GIT Microbiome
Prebiotic strategy
Control or modify the GIT microbiome by starving “bad” bacteria and nourishing “good” bacteria
[“Good” versus “Bad” bacteria will be discussed in Session 2]
Giving a nutrient favored by probiotics will expand their populations and increase their residency in the GIT
Giving both probiotics and prebiotics is called a “Synbiotic”

What is a prebiotic?
An undigestable carbohydrate, i.e. dietary fiber, like inulin found
in e.g gava fruit, chicory and Jerusalem artichoke
Nutrients fermented by “good” bacteria such as Bifidobacteria
and Lactobacillus. Some call them “bifidogenic”
A health food store product or something promoted on the
internet, which is of undefined composition

Prebiotics have differential effects


Each human volunteer responded differently
Not all strains of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus respond
[not shown]
Inulin also feeds Faecalbacteria prausnitizii that is associated
with colorectal cancer
Infants are generally the most consistent responders [not shown]
Proposed Mechanisms for the Action of Prebiotics
Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by fermentation of e.g. inulin, have defined effects
Increase the height of villi and depth of the crypts creating a more absorptive mucosa
[Note: The gut anatomy will be described in Session 2]
Strengthen tight junctions and thus prevent intestinal leakage, i.e. improve barrier function
Increase secretion of mucous and the thickness of the mucosal barrier

Prebiotics shift the composition of the microbiome to favor lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus) which lowers the pH
and thus favors Firmicutes that produce butyrate and other SCFA

Comments by European Food Safety Authority say:


Since < 2% of the GIT microbiome can be
cultured and studied, “all bets are
off” regarding their actual role.
Inulin and other prebiotics may act
independently from the GIT microbiome
Prebiotics are best targeted to infants in which
the importance of Bifidobacteria has
been more firmly studied.

[ Session 3: Dr. Ziegler]

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