Biotics: Biotics Refers To Bacteria
Biotics: Biotics Refers To Bacteria
Biotics:
Pre-, Pro, Syn- and Antibiotics J.E. Butler, Eckhart Ziegler & David Elliott
Staphylococcus aureus
Nomenclature & Definitions
Microorganism: Largely unicellular organisms that need optical magnification to be seen
Procaryotic: Organisms like bacteria which lack a membrane-defined nucleus. DNA “free” in the cytosol
Eucaryotic: Protozoans and all multicellular life forms that possess a nucleus surrounded by a membrane
that contains genomic DNA in the form of “interrupted genes”, i.e. introns and exons.
Hominoids 11:58 PM
Land plants 0.45 Ga;
10:35 PM
Mutualism Multicellular
(Eucaryotic)
Aquatic
Marine
Rise of Symbiosis
Anaerobic
Archeobacteria (Archea)
(Autotrophs)
Humans are a mobile ecosystem of bacteria, viral DNA and
eukaryotic cells that share a common chemistry
Human and other life forms are linked by their use of nucleic acids, e.g. DNA
DNA directs all the systems that control/regulate life on earth
Replication of DNA allows for traits to be passed from one generation to the next
All life forms build structures and mediate their metabolism through the use of proteins
Proteins provide the building blocks for structural features of life
The regulatory elements that control the actions of DNA are proteins
The enzymes that control metabolism, e.g. enzymes, are proteins
Niel deGrosse Tyson (astrophysicist): “More bacteria live and work in your colon than the sum of all humans ever born”
The Gut Microbiome Evolved from Commensals to Mutualists
Humans harbors 10 14 bacteria of ~1000 species in their gut, i.e. the Gastro-Intestinal
Tract (GIT) microbiome. [Punn intended: “Git up and Go”]
That means 2 bacteria for each human cell
The human microbiome weighs 3 lbs or about the same as the brain
60% of your feces is your microbiome [The “Go” in git up and Go]
Pathobionts are harmful to the host, cause disease and tissue damage.
Most members of the GIT microbiome are mutualists that thrive in a nutrient-rich
environment and provide critical metabolites for the host.
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
[Archaea] [“Bacteria”]
Shape
1921 Lactobacillus acidophilus can restores the positive effect of “healthy gut flora”
1953 Kollath first coined the word “probiotics” as “being necessary for life”
1965 Lilly & Stillwell: Probiotics made antibiotics that encouraged growth of other bacteria
What is a prebiotic?
An undigestable carbohydrate, i.e. dietary fiber, like inulin found
in e.g gava fruit, chicory and Jerusalem artichoke
Nutrients fermented by “good” bacteria such as Bifidobacteria
and Lactobacillus. Some call them “bifidogenic”
A health food store product or something promoted on the
internet, which is of undefined composition
Prebiotics shift the composition of the microbiome to favor lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus) which lowers the pH
and thus favors Firmicutes that produce butyrate and other SCFA