Presented By:-

1. Soumen Mahapatra (29)

2. Achinta Choudhury (02)
3. Balai Hembram (07)
4. Akash Verma (03)
5. Balaram Mangal (08)
6. Soubhagya Dey (27)
Socialism in Europe
and the Russian
Revolution
1. Liberals:-
(a) They believed in changing the society.
(b) They oppose the unlimited power of dynastic rule.
(c) They believed in right of individual.
(d) They didn’t believed in Universal Adult Franchise and
right to vote for women.
(e) They believed in right of individual.

2. Radicals:-
(a) In contrast, they believed in the rule of majority of the
country’s population.
(b) They opposed the privileges of the landowners and
factory owners.
(c) They supported women’s right to vote.
(d) They disliked concentration of property in few hands.
(e) They supported women’s suffragette movement.
3. Conservatives:-
(a) They opposed both the liberals and radicals.
(b) Earlier they opposed any kind of changes in the society
but later they accepted some changes.
(c) They believed in preserving and respecting of past.
(d) They wanted change through a slow process.
(e) Earlier, in 19th century, they had been generally opposed
to the idea of change the society.

4. Socialists:-
(a) They were against private property.
(b) They believed that property should be control by society
as a whole rather than single individual.
(c) They believed on collective social interests.
(d) They wanted production through cooperatives.
(e) They gave the idea of communist society.
 Industrial Society and Social change:
(i) New cities rose with the industrial revolution.
(ii) Men , women and children worked in factories.
(iii) Low demand led to unemployment.
(iv) Long working hours with low wages.
(v) Rapidly growing towns faced housing and sanitation
problems.

The coming of socialism to Europe:

(i) Socialism as an idea attracted attention in Europe by mid -19th
century.
(ii) It opposed private property and supported collective social
interests.
(iii) They had different vision of future:
(a) Some believed in setting up of cooperatives through
individual initiative.
(b) While others wanted government to encourage cooperatives
to replaced capitalists. This gave birth to the idea of communist
society.
 The Russian empire in 1914
(i) Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia alone with present day
Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia , parts of Poland , Ukraine
and Belarus.
(ii) It further stretched to present day Central Asia,Georgia,
Armenia and Azerbaijan.
(iii) Russian Orthodox Christianity along with Catholics ,
Protestants , Muslims and Buddhists comprised the major
religions.
Socialism in Russia
(i)Before 1914 , all political parties were illegal in Russia.
(ii) The Russian social democratic workers party formed in
1898 operated secretly with its newspapers and mobilised
workers.
(iii) Russian peasants , in the eyes of Russian socialist were to
be the main force of revolution.
(iv) Social democrats differed from socialist revolutionarles.
(v) Mensheviks wanted party to be opened to all.
 The 1st world war and the Russian
Empire
(i) The 1st world war begin in 1914 between central powers
and France , Britain and Russia.
(ii) Tsar Nicholas II without consulting duma had become a
part of the war.
(iii) Russia Suffered shocking defeats along with heavy
casualties.
(iv) Economy was badly hit with cut of supplies and breaking of
industrial equipment.
(v) Labour shortage , shut down small workshops.
(vi) People faced scarcity of bread and flour.
(vii) The war also had a severe impact on industry.
 The February Revolution in Petrograd
• The February Revolution, Petrograd, 1917 is the most
comprehensive book on the epic uprising that
toppled the tsarist monarchy and ushered in the next
stage of the Russian Revolution.
• Hasegawa presents in detail the intense drama of the
nine days of the revolution, including the workers'
strike, soldiers' revolt, the scrambling of revolutionary
party activists to control the revolution, and the
liberals’ conspiracy to force Tsar Nicholas II to
abdicate.
• Based on his previous work, published in 1981, the
author has revised, enlarged, and reinterpreted the
complexity of the February Revolution, resulting in a
major and timely reassessment on the occasion of its
centennial.
 After February
• In Russia, the February Revolution (known as such because of Russia’s
use of the Julian calendar) begins on this day in 1917, when riots and
strikes over the scarcity of food erupt in Petrograd (now St.
Petersburg).
• By 1917, most Russians had lost faith in the leadership ability of the
czarist regime. Government corruption was rampant, the Russian
economy remained backward and Tsar Nicholas II had repeatedly
dissolved the Dumas, the Russian parliamentary groups established to
placate the masses after the Revolution of 1905, each time they
opposed his will.
• On March 8, 1917, demonstrators clamoring for bread took to the
streets of the Russian capital of Petrograd. Supported by 90,000 men
and women on strike, the protesters clashed with police, refusing to
leave the streets.
• On March 10, the strike spread among Petrograd’s workers, and irate
mobs of workers destroyed police stations. Several factories elected
deputies to the Petrograd Soviet (“council) of workers, following the
model devised during the Revolution of 1905.
• On March 11, the troops of the Petrograd army garrison were called
out to quell the uprising. In some encounters, regiments opened fire,
killing demonstrators, but the protesters kept to the streets, and the
troops began to waver. That day, Nicholas again dissolved the Dumas.
 Bloody Sunday
When the procession of workers led by Father Gapon reached
the Winter Palace. Over 100 workers were killed and about 300
wounded.
 October Revolution 1917
• October Revolution of 1917 (Zhovtneva revoliutsiia). The Bolshevik coup
staged on 25 October (7 November NS) 1917 in Petrograd (Saint
Petersburg)precipitated a full-scale revolution in Russia and the outlying
territories that had formerly constituted parts of its empire.
• After the fall of the tsarist regime following the February Revolution of
1917 the Provisional Government assumed power.
• It was unable, however, to control the volatile social and political
conditions in the former empire.
• As their immediate goal the majority of the population wanted Russia to
pull out of the First World War.
• As a broader goal they demanded wide-ranging social reforms and the
redistribution of land.
• Meanwhile the Bolsheviks and other left-wing groups, whose power base
consisted of workers' and soldiers' councils , pressed for a continuation of
the revolution.
• The ineffectiveness and growing unpopularity of the Provisional
Government made it feasible for them to consider continuing it through
force of arms.
 What Change after October
• Strictly speaking, the events of October 1917
constituted an insurrection rather than a revolution.
• Since February, Russia had been ruled by a dual power
arrangement consisting of a predominantly liberal
Provisional Government, and the Soviets, revolutionary
councils representing groups such as workers, peasants
and soldiers.
• Private property was opposed and industrials and
banks were nationalised.
• Most of those within the Russian political system were
committed to the establishment of a Constituent
Assembly, which was set to provide the country with its
first ever democratically-elected government....
• Land was declared social property.
Short Explanation on Russian
Revolution
Acknowledgement :-

I will thankful to my elder brother who

really help me to complete my project given by
our teacher . He always help me when I need the
help . And some friend who also help to fulfill
the project .
And also I will
thankful to my subject teacher who gave this type
of project for enhance our capacity. I knew many
things from this project.