Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws

Ohm’s Law

• States that if the voltage is kept constant, less resistance results in

more current and more resistance results in less current.
• The voltage is directly proportional to the current.

V I R

where:
V  I V = Voltage (volts, V)
I = Current (ampere, A)
V =RI R = Resistance (ohms, )
Current Flow

Electron Flow
• Actual flow of current since electrons are the moving charges
therefore it moves from the negative of the source going to the
positive of the source.

Conventional Current Flow

• The assumed direction of the flow of current, which is opposite from
the electron flow, that is from the positive of the source to the
negative of the source.
Kirchhoff’s Laws

Node
• a point at which two or more elements have common connection.
Path
• The set of nodes and elements passed through if no node was encountered
more than once.
Closed path or loop
• A kind of path wherein the node started is also the node ended.
Branch
• A single path in a network, composed of one single element and the node
at the end of each element.
a. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
• It states that the summation of all voltages around a given loop is
equivalent to zero.
• The summation of all voltage rise is equivalent to the summation of
all voltage drop.
 Voltages = 0
 V rise =  V drops
b. Kirchhoff’s Current Law

• It states that the summation of all current within a given node is

equivalent to zero.
• The summation of all current entering the node is equivalent to the
summation of all current leaving the node.
 Current = 0
 I entering =  I leaving
Work, Energy and Power

• Work
• Accomplishment of motion against an opposing force.
• The amount of Force multiplied by the distance traveled.

W=VxQ
W = F x d – expressed in joules (J)
where:
V = Voltage (Volts)
Q = Charge (Coulombs)
F = Force (Newtons)
d = Distance (meters)
Joule
• SI unit of energy and work.
• Amount of energy required to raise one Coulomb of electric charge
through a potential difference of one volt.
Power

• The rate at which energy is used.

• The rate of doing work.
• The amount of work done per unit time.
P = W / t = joules / sec = watts

• where:
• P = Power (watts)
• W = Work (Joules)
• t = Time (seconds)
Electric Power

V R
I

P=W/t
But W = V x Q (refer to voltage)
t = Q / I (refer to current)

P= VxQ
Q/I
Therefore electric power;
P = VI
Watt
• SI unit of electric power.
• Amount of power when one joule of energy/work is consumed/done in one
second.

Kilowatt-Hour (kWh)
• Unit of electric energy or electric work.
Energy = power x time
where: W=Pxt
P = power (kW)
W = work (kWh)
t = Time (Hours)
Horsepower (Hp)
• Mechanical output power.
• 1Hp = 746W = 0.746 kW
Efficiency
• The ratio of useful output power of a device with the total input
power
 = W output = P output
W input P input
• Overall Efficiency
 = Pt output = Po1 x Po2 x Po3
Pt input Pi1 Pi2 Pi3
Sample Problems:

1. A certain appliance uses 300W. If it is allowed to operate

continuously for 30 days, how many kilowatt-hours of energy does
it consume?
2. A power supply for a transistor amplifier develops an output of 25V
at 2.4A. If the overall efficiency of the power supply is 80%, what
input current will it draw from a 120V source?
3. How long should a 75 heater be supplied by a 120V source to
produce 15KJ of heat energy?
4. What electrical input power must be provided to an electric motor
which develops mechanical energy at the rate of 24 Hp with an
efficiency of 85 %?
 Analysis of Resistive Circuits

Series Circuit
• There is only one complete path for which current could flow. The resistors are
connected end to end.
• It provides only one path for current between two points in a circuit so that the
same current flows through each series resistor.
+ R1
V1
I -

+
V V2 R2
-

1
+
V3 R3
-
By KVL,
VT = V1 + V2 + V3
From Ohm’s Law V=IR
IT RT = I1 R1 + I2 R2 + I3 R3
But IT = I1 = I2 = I3 therefore,

RT = R1 + R2 + R3
Total Power in a Series Circuit
PT = VT x IT

Since: VT = V1 + V2 + V3 therefore,
PT = (V1 + V2 + V3) IT
but IT = I1 = I2 = I3
PT = V1I1 + V2I2 + V3I3
PT = P1 + P2 + P3
Voltage Divider Principle
• The Voltage Divider Principle (VDP) is used to express the voltage
across one several series resistors in term of the voltage across the
combination.
V1 = (VT)(R1)
Since: IT = I1 = I2 = I3 RT
By applying Ohm’s Law
V𝑇 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3 V2 = (VT)(R2)
= = =
RT 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 RT

V3 = (VT)(R3)
RT
Parallel Circuit
• When two or more resistors are connected between the same two
points, they are said to be in parallel with each other. A parallel circuit
provides more than one path for current. Each current path is called a
branch.

IT I1 I2 I3

+ + +
VT R1 V1 R2 V2 R3 V3
- - -
By KCL
IT = I 1 + I 2 + I3
From Ohm’s Law RT = _________1________
1 + 1 + 1
VT = V1 + V2 + V3
R1 R2 R3
RT R1 R2 R3
But VT = V1 = V2 = V3

1 = 1 + 1 + 1
RT R1 R2 R3
Total Power in a Parallel Circuit
PT = VT x IT
since: IT = I1 + I2 + I3
therefore,

PT = VT (I1 + I2 + I3)
but VT = V1 = V2 = V3
PT = V1I1 + V2I2 + V3I3
PT = P1 + P2 + P3
Current Divider Principle

VT = V1 = V2 = V3
From Ohm’s Law, V=IR
ITRT = I1R1 = I2R2 = I3R3
I1 = ( IT )( RT )
R1 where

I2 = ( IT )( RT ) RT = _________1________
1 + 1 + 1 .

R2 R1 R2 R3

I3 = ( IT )( RT )
R3
For 2 Resistors in Parallel
• RT = ____1_____
1 + 1 I1 = (IT) (R2)
R1 R2 (R1 + R2)

RT = R1 x R2 product I2 = (IT) (R1)

R1 + R2 sum (R1 + R2)