1.

How much greater is the pressure at the bottom of

Mariana’s Trench 5 ft. deep compared to the pressure at
sea level?

Given:
ΡseaH₂o = 1.03g/cc = 1030kg/m3
H = 35000 ft
ΔP = ?

P = ρgh
1,030 kg 9.81 m
ΔP = 3 × 2 × 10,667.48 m
m s
8 1atm
= 1.08x10 Pa ×
1.013x105Pa
ΔP= 1,064.04 atm
2. Find the pressure increase in the fluid in a syringe, when a
nurse applies a force of 4213 N to the syringe’s piston of
diameter 1.12 cm.
Given:
F = 4213 N
D = 1.12 cm = 1.12 × 10-2 m
ΔP = ?

Solution:
F
ΔP =
A
4F
= 2
πd
4 (42.3 N)
= ΔP= 4.29x105 Pa
π × 1.12 x 105 Pa
3. The human lungs can still operate against a
pressure differential of 0.05 atm. How far below the
water level can a diver breathing through a long tube
snorkel breathe?

ΔP = 0.05 atm = 5,065 Pa

ΔP = ρgh
h = P/ρg
5,065 Pa
=
1,030 kg/m3(9.81 m/s2 )

h= 0.50 m
4. As a result of the passage of the storm, the outside air
pressure drops to 980 mb but the inside pressure remains at
1 atm. What net force pushes out on the window that
measures 3.43m by 2.08m?

ΔP = 1,013 mb – 980 mb A = lw
= 33 mb = 3.43 m × 2.08 m
1.013x105 Pa
= 33 mb × A = 7.13 m2
1013 mb

= 3300 Pa

F
ΔP =
A
Fnet = ΔPA
= 3300 N/m2 × 7.13 m2 F = 23,529 N
5. An air-type box having lid with the area of 12 in2 is partially
evacuated. If a force of 108 lbs. is required to pull the lid of
the box and the outside Patm is 14.7 psi. What is the pressure
in the box?

Given:
F
F = 108 lbs. Pinside = 1 atm −
A
A = 12 in2
108 lbs
Pinside = ? = 14.7 psi −
12 in2
pinside = 5.7 psi
6. A liter of milk has a mass of 1.053 g. It contains 7%
butterfat by volume. If the specific gravity of the butterfat is
0.854, what is the weight density of the fat-free skimmed
milk?

Given: sp.gr. = 0.854

𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞
Sp.gr. = sp.wt. =
𝜌𝑓𝐻₂𝑂 𝛾𝑓𝐻 2 𝑂

𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑚
0.854 = 𝜌=
1𝑔/𝑐𝑐 𝑣
993.22 𝑔
=
930 𝑐𝑐
𝜌liq = 0.854 = 1.07 g.cc
= 854 kg/m³ = 1067.98 kg/m³
𝛾butterfat = 𝜌g
1067.98 𝑘𝑔
= 9.81
𝑚³
10476.8838 𝑁 2.21 𝑙𝑏𝑠 1 𝑚³
=
𝑚³ 9.81 (3.28)³

𝛾butterfat = 66.89 lbs/ft ³

1L= 1000 cc × 7%
= 70 cc
𝑚
0.854 =
70
M = 59.78 g − mass of butterfat
1053 − 59.78 = 993.22 g
7. A vertical cylinder is poured with four miscible liquid as
illustrated. The fluids and their corresponding densities are
listed below. From the given data, determine:
a.) the hydrostatic pressure at the fluid interface B
b.) the absolute pressure at the bottom in psi
Solution:
a.) Phydro = 𝜌gh of gas + 𝜌gh of oil
𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑔
= 0.68 1000 0.2 𝑚 + 0.92
𝑐𝑐 𝑚³ 𝑐𝑐
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
1000 9.81 0.55 𝑚
𝑚³ 𝑠²
𝑁 𝑁
= 1334.16 + 4963.86
𝑚² 𝑚²
𝑁
Phydro = 6298.02
𝑚²

𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
b.) Pinside = 0.68 1000 9.81 0.2 𝑚 +
𝑐𝑐 𝑚³ 𝑠²
𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
0.92 1000 9.81 0.55 𝑚 +
𝑐𝑐 𝑚³ 𝑠²
𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
1.26 1000 9.81 0.1 𝑚 +
𝑐𝑐 𝑚³ 𝑠²
𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
13.6 1000 9.81 0.6 𝑚
𝑐𝑐 𝑚³ 𝑠²
 Pinside = 87583.68 Pa

14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
87563.68 Pa × = 12.71 psi − pressure
1.013 𝑃𝑎
inside/Pgauge

Pabs = Pgauge + Patm

= 12.71 psi + 14.7 psi
Pabs = 24.71 psi
8. A person sucking hard on a thin tube can reduce the
pressure in it to 90% of atmospheric pressure. How high can
the person suck water up the tube?

∆P = 10% (Patm)
= 0.10 (101300 Pa)
∆P = 10130 Pa

∆P = 𝜌H₂Ogh
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
∆P 10130 𝑁/𝑚² ∙
𝑚2 𝑠²
h= = = 1.0326 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝜌H₂Ogh 𝑘𝑔
1000 ∙ 9.81
𝑚
∙
𝑚³ 𝑠² 𝑚³ 𝑠²

h= 1.033 m
9. An octopus uses one sucker of diameter 2.86 cm on each of
the two shells of a clam in an attempt to pull the shells apart.
Find the greatest force of the octopus can exert on a
clamshell in saltwater 32.3 m deep.
𝐹
D = 2.86 × 10¯² m P=
𝐴
𝜋𝐷²
H = 32.3 m F = 𝜌A = 𝜌gh
4
F=? F = 1030 9.81 (32.2) ∙
𝜋 ×0.0286²
𝜌seaH₂O = 1030 kg/m³
4

F= 209.02 N
1. A lever with the IMA of 5 is attached to the pump piston of
a hydraulic press the area of pump piston 1.6 in2 and that of
the output piston is 20 in2. A.) If the press is perfectly
efficient, find the force the output piston exerts when a force
of 30lbs is applied to the pump lever. B.) If each stroke of the
lever moves the piston 1 in, how many strokes are needed to
move the output piston 1 ft?
A o Fo
= = IMA
Ai Fi

150lbs (20 in2)

F A
Foutjack= injack outjack = = 1875 lbs
1.6 in2
Ainjack
Aoutjack 20in2
= IMAjack = 2 = 12.5
Ainjack 1.6in
 Volin = Volout Ain hin = Aout hout

Ao hin
= = IMAjack
Ai hout

hin 1 in /stroke
hout = = = 0.08in/stroke
IMAjack 12.5

12 in
# of strokes = = 150 strokes
0.08 in/stroke

Foutlever = IMAjack Finlever = 5(30lbs) Finjack = 150lbs

1. An iceberg is a glacial ice cut-off from an icecap. What
percentage of its volume is submerged in seawater?
∑Fv = 0 = Fb - Wice
Wice = Fb

Fb = Wliquiddisplaced = Wseawaterdisplaced

Wice = Wseawaterdisplaced

ρicegVice = ρseawatergVseawater

W = mg
€Fv = 0 = Fb - Wice
Wice = Fb
Fb = Wliquiddisplaced = Wseawaterdisplaced

Wice = Wseawaterdisplaced

ρicegVice = ρseawatergVseawater

W = mg

Ρ = m/v
M = ρv

W = ρgV
Ρice = 0.917g/cc
Ρseawater = 1.03g/cc
ρiceVice = ρseawaterVicesubmerged

ρiceVice
Vicesubmerged =
ρseawater

0.917g/cc × 100%
=
1.03g/cc
= 89%
2. Three children, each of weight 82.4 lbs make a log raft by
lashing together logs of diameter1.05 ft and length 5.8 ft. If
the weight density of the log is 47.3 lbs/ft3, how many logs
are needed to keep them afloat?

Wchildren = 82.4 lbs × 3

= 247.2 lbs

dlog = 1.05 ft
Llog = 5.80 ft
γlog = 47.3 lbs/ft3
x= no. of logs needed

W = ρgV = γV
Vwaterdisplaced = Vraft = xVlog
∑Fv = 0 = Fb = Wchildren + Wraft
Fb = Wchildren + Wraft
Fb = Wwaterdisplaced

Wwaterdisplaced = 247.2 lbs + γlog (xVlog)

γwaterVwaterdisplaced = 247.2 lbs + 47.3 lbs/ft3 (x) (Vlog)
62.57 lbs/ft3 (Vlog)(x) – 47.3 lbs/ft3 (Vlog)(x) = 247.2 lbs
15.27 lbs/ft3 (5.022 ft3/log)(x) = 247.2 lbs
lbs
76.69 (x) = 247.2 lbs
log
247.2 lbs
x=
76.69 lbs/log

x = 3.22 logs
x = 4 logs
3. An iron casting containing a number of cavities weighs
6130 Nin air and 3970 N in water. What is the volume of the
cavities in the casting?

ρFe = 7.87g/cc
Wair = 6130 N
Wwater = 3970 N

Wlost = Wair – Wwater

Wlost= 2160 N

Wwaterdisplaced = (ρwatergVwaterdisplaced)
Vwaterdisplaced = Vcasting = VFe + Vcavity
Sink:
Wlost= Fb= Wwaterdisplaced

2160 N = ρwatergVcasting
2160 N = 1000kg/m3 (9.81m/s2)(VFe+Vcavity)
2160 N
3 = VFe+Vcavity
9810 N/m
mFe
ρFe =
VFe
mFe
VFe=
ρFe

WFe=MFe(g) WFe= Wcasting

W of air ≈ 0 = Win air
WFe= 6130 N
 WFe 6130 N
mFe = = 2 = 624.87 kg
g 9.81m/s
mFe
ρFe =
VFe

624.87 kg
VFe =
7870 kg/m3

VFe = 0.0794 m3

0.122m3 = 0.0793m3 + Vcavity

Vcavity = 0.141m3 ≈ 1.41 x 105 cm3
4. A hallow spherical iron shell floats almost completely
submerged in water. The outer diameter is 58.7 cm and the
density of iron is 7.87g/cc. Find the inner diameter of the
shell.
Wsphere = Wshell = WFe
dout = 58.7 cm
rout = 29.35 cm

Fb= Wwaterdisplaced
Vwaterdisplaced = Vsphere
= Vshell
= Vout
ρFegVFe = ρwatergVwaterdisplaced
7.87g/cc = (VFe) = 1g/cc (Vshell)
7.87 (Vout – Vin) = 1Vout = 0
6.87 Vout = 7.87Vin
4𝜋rout3 4𝜋rin3
6.87 =
3 3

6.87 29.35 𝑐𝑚 3
= rin
7.87

rin = 28.05 cm

since:
din = 2rin
din = 56.10 cm
5. An iron anchor weighs 600lbs in air. How much force is
needed to lift it if submerged in seawater?

Flift=?

Wair = 600 lbs 𝜌seawater = 1030 kg/m3

= Wanchor 𝜌Fe = 7878 kg/m3
= WFe

Wlost = Wair – Wseawater

Wlost = Fb= Wseawaterdisplaced
Flift = Wseawater
Wlost = Wair - Flift
Wseawaterdisplaced = 600 lbs – Flift
ρseawaterdisplacedgVseawaterdisplaced = 600 lbs – Flift

1030 kg/m3 (9.81m/s2)(VFe) = 2663.35 N – Flift

Flift = 2663.35 N – 343.55 N

Flift = 2319.804 N

600 lbs Newton

9.81 N
600 lbs = 600 lbs x = 2663.35 N
2.21 lbs

VFe = ?
m m
ρ= V=
V ρ
VFe
g WFe
=
ρFe ρFeg

2663. 35 kg.m /s2

=
(7870 kg/m3) (9.81m/s2)

Vfe = 0.034 m2
6. A steel tank whose capacity is 200 liters has a mass of 36
kg.
a.) Will it float in seawater when empty?

Solution:

a.) if Fbmax ≥ Wemptytank if if Fbmax ≤ Wemptytank

∴ it will float ∴ it will sink

Wemptytank ≅ mtankg = msteelg

= 36 kg (9.81 m/s²)
Wemptysteeltank = 353.16 N
Assumption:
Wofairinside ≅ 0

Fbmax = Wliq.disp.
= 𝜌seaH₂OgVseaH ₂Odisp

VseaH₂Odisp = Vtank ≠ Vsteel

= Vsteel + 200 L
msteel 𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝜌steel = msteel =
Vsteel 𝑔

Wsteel 353.16 𝑁
Vsteel = = 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 = 4.574 × 10¯³
𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑔 7870 𝑚³ ∙ 9.81 𝑠²
= 4.574 L
1000 L = 1 m³
1
1 L= m³
1000
= 1 × 10¯³ m³
Fbmax = Wliq.disp.
= 𝜌seaH₂OgVseaH²Odisp
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
= 1030 9.81 4.574 L + 200 L
𝑚³ 𝑠²
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
= 1030 9.81 0.204574 𝑚³
𝑚³ 𝑠²
Fbmax = 2067.08 N
Since Fbmax > Wemptytank
∴ it will float
1. A fully filed open storage tower of height 32 m and
diameter 3.0 m supplies water to a house. A horizontal pipe
at the base of the tower has a diameter of 2.54 cm. To satisfy
the needs of the home, the supply pipe must be able to
deliver water at a rate of 0.67 gal/s. If water were flowing at
the maximum rate, what would be the pressure in the
horizontal pipe?
 1 1
P₁ + 𝜌𝑔ℎ₁ = P₂ + 𝜌𝑉₂² + 𝜌𝑔ℎ₂
2 2
1
P₁ − P₂ = 𝜌 (𝑉₂² − 𝑉₁²) − 𝜌𝑔ℎ₁
2
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2 4 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
∆P = (1000 ) 5 2 − (3.59 × 10¯ ) − 1000
2 𝑚³ 𝑠 𝑠 𝑚³
𝑚
(9.81 ) (32 m)
𝑠²

∆P = -301420 Pa
P₁ − P₂ = -301420 Pa
P₂ = P₁ + 301420 Pa
= 101300 Pa + 301420 Pa
P₂= 402720 Pa
≅ 4 atm
1. Figure shows how a stream of water “necks down” as it
falls. The cross sectional area Aₒ= 1.2 cm² and A= 0.35 cm².
a.)If the two levels are separated by a vertical height h= 45
mm, at what rate does water flow from the top? b.)How
many minutes would it take to fill a 4-gallon capacity vessel?

Ro = R R = Av
Aovo = Av A
1.2 cm² (vo) = 0.35 cm² (v)
1.2 𝑐𝑚² h
vo =v Ao
0.35 𝑐𝑚²

3.43vo = v
Free-fall
a.) v² = vo² + 2gh
𝑐𝑚
(3.43 vo) = vo² + 2 (9.81 ) (4.5 cm)
𝑠²
𝑐𝑚
11.76 vo² − vo² = 8829
𝑠²
𝑐𝑚
10.76 vo² = 8829
𝑠²
𝑐𝑚
8829 𝑠²
vo = √
10.76
vo = 28.65 cm/s

Ro = Aovo
= 1.2 cm² (28.65 cm/s)
Ro = 34.38 cm³/s
b.) tfill
Vol = 4 gal → cm³
3.785 𝐿 1000 𝑚𝐿 1 𝑐𝑐
= 4 gal
1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1𝐿 1 𝑚𝐿
Vol = 15140 cm³

𝑉 𝑉 15140 𝑐𝑚³
R= t= = 𝑐𝑚³
𝑡 𝑅 34.38
𝑠
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 440.37 s ×
60 𝑠

t = 7.34 minutes
2. Water is pumped out steadily from a flooded basement at a
rate of 4 m/s using a hose of internal diameter, 1.5 inches. If
the water is siphoned through a height of 5.0 m, from the
basement floor to a window, what must be the power of the
motor used?
V = 4 m/s
2.54 𝑐𝑚
D = 1.5 inches ( ) = 3.81 cm
1 𝑖𝑛

H = 5.0 m

Required: Pmotor
Flifttheliq. = Wliq. = (𝜌gV)H₂O
= 𝜌gAh
𝜋𝑑²
F= 𝜌g h
4

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚
𝜌g𝜋𝑑²ℎ𝑣 1000 𝑚³ 9.81 𝑠² 3.81 ×10¯² 5𝑚 4 𝑠 𝜋
P= =
4 4
𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑚
P = 223.69 ∙
𝑠² 𝑠
𝑚
= 223.69 N ∙
𝑠
P = 223.69 watts
3. A tank is filled with water to a height H. A hole is punch in
one of the walls at a depth Y below the water surface. How
far from the base of the tank will the water strike.

dy = H-y dx = Voxt
2(𝐻−𝑦)
Vo = Vox = Vx dx = √2𝑔𝑦 (√
𝑔
Dy = Voyt +½gt2
dx= 2√𝑦(𝐻 − 𝑦)
Dy = ½gt²

H-y = ½gt²

2(𝐻−𝑦)
T= √
𝑔
4. Gasoline leaks out on the hole ½ inch in diameter at the
bottom of the tank at the rate of 10 gal/min. How high is the
gasoline in the tank? ρ= 0.68g/cc.

Given:
D = ½inch = 1.27cm
R = 10gal/min = 630.833 cm³/s

3.7851 𝐿 1000𝑚𝑙 1𝑐𝑚³ 1𝑚𝑖𝑛

10gal/min x x x x = 630.833cm³/s
1𝑔𝑎𝑙 1𝐿 1𝑚𝐿 60𝑠

R = Av V = √2𝑔ℎ
𝑅
V= ( V )² = ( 2𝑔ℎ)²
𝐴
V = 497.99 cm/s V² = 2gh
 𝑉²
h=
2𝑔
(497.99)²
=
2(9.81𝑐𝑚/𝑠²)
h = 126.40 cm
h = 1.26 m
5. Water emerges from the 2.0 inch diameter nozzle f a hose
at a rate of 200 gal/min. Find the force with the nozzle must
be held.
D = 2 inches = 5.08x10-2m
R = 200gal/min

Vo = 0 I=I
Fhold = fout Ft = m(V-Vo)
𝑚(𝑉−𝑉𝑜)
I = FT F =
𝑡
6.22𝑚
12.617( −0)
𝑠
I = ΔP F=
1𝑠
= m(ΔV) F = 78.48 kg ∙ m/s²
F = 78.48 N
V= 0.012617 m³
T = 1s
M = ρV
𝑘𝑔
m = 1000 (0.012617m³)
𝑚³
mH₂O = 12.617 kg

R = AV
4𝑅
V=
𝜋𝐷²
4(200𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛) 4(0.012617𝑚3 /𝑠)
= =
𝜋(5.08𝑥10¯²)² 𝜋(5.08𝑥10¯²𝑚)²

V = 6.22 mps
1. Castor oil, which has a density of 0.96 g/cc at room
temperature, is forced through a pipe of circular cross-section
by a pump that maintains a gauge pressure of 950 Pa. The
pipe has a diameter of 2.6 cm and a length of 65 cm. The
castor oil emerging from the free end of the pipe at
atmospheric pressure was collected. After 1 ½ minutes, a
total of 1.23 kg has been collected. What is the coefficient of
viscosity of the castor oil at this temperature?
Given: ρoil = 960 kg/m³
L = 65 cm
D = 2.6 cm
M = 1.23 kg
T = 90 s
ΔP = 950 Pa
Req’d: 𝜂oil = ?
 𝑉 𝑚 𝑚
R= 𝜌= =V=
𝑡 𝑉 𝜌
𝑚
R=
𝜌𝑡
1.23 𝑘𝑔
=
960𝑘𝑔/𝑚³(90𝑠)
R = 1.42x10¯⁵m³/s
R = 14.2 cm³/s

Solution :
𝜋𝑟⁴𝛥𝑝
R=
8𝜂𝐿
𝜋(1.3𝑥10¯²𝑚)⁴(950𝑃𝑎)
𝜂=
8(1.42𝑥10¯⁵𝑚3 /𝑠)(0.65𝑚)
𝜂 = 1.15 Pa ∙ s
𝜂oil = 1.5 Pl
2. Suppose that over a period of years, the radius of an artery
in a person’s heart decreases by 40%. Calculate the ratio of
the present flow rate and the original flow rate if the pressure
across the artery, its length and the viscosity of the blood is
unchanged.

ro = ro ΔP = K
rp = 0.6 ro L=K
Rpresent
Find : =?
Rold
𝜋𝑟⁴𝛥𝑃
R=
8𝜂𝐿
𝜋𝑟⁴𝛥𝑃
𝑅𝑝 8𝜂𝐿
= 𝜋𝑟⁴𝛥𝑃
𝑅𝑜
8𝜂
 rp4
= ro4
(0.6ro)4
=
ro4
0.1296ro4
=
ro4
0.13
≈
1

13
=
100
1. Calculate the greatest speed at which blood, at 37˚C, can
flow through an artery of diameter 3.80 mm if the flow is to
remain laminar.
Given: d = 3.8x10¯³m
Nr = 2000
Ρblood = 1.06 g/cc = 1060 kg/ m³
ηblood = 4x10¯³Pas

NR 𝜂
V=
ρD
2000(4𝑥10¯³𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
=
1060𝑘𝑔/𝑚³(3.8𝑥10¯³𝑚)
1.99𝑁/𝑚2 (𝑠)
=
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑚³

Vmax = 2 𝑚Τ𝑠