ME55 CONTROL ENGINEERING

Sharanabasava C Pilli
Principal, KLE Society’s
College of Engineering and Technology,
Udyambag, Belgaum-590008

Email: scpilli@yahoo.co.in
 TERMINOLOGY
Control system: It is an arrangement of physical
components connected or related in a manner to
command, direct or regulate itself or another system.

Input: The input is the excitation applied to a control

system from an external energy source. The inputs are
also known as actuating signals.

Output: The output is the response obtained from a

control system or known as controlled variable.
 TERMINOLOGY
Linear system is one if the principle of
superposition holds good.
o y1 t 
i x1 t  u
n t
p x 2 t  p y2 t 
u u
t t c y (t)  c y (t)
s c1x1 (t)  c2 x 2 (t) s 1 1 2 2

A linear differential equation is a  dy 

2

, sin x 
dy
differential equation consisting of   , x
 dt  dt
linear terms
 TERMINOLOGY
Open loop: An open loop system control system
is one in which the control action is independent of the output.
Closed loop: A closed loop control system is one in which
the control action is somehow dependent on the output.
Block diagram: A block diagram is a short hand, pictorial
representation of cause and effect relationship between the
input and the output of a physical system.
Block diagrams characterizes the functional relationship
amongst the components of a control system.
 TERMINOLOGY
r(t), R(S) c(t), C(S)
g, G(S)
R(S): Lapse Transform of reference input
G(S): Transfer function / gain
C(S): Lapse Transfer of controlled variable
Lower case letters usually represent functions of time.
Upper case letters denote Laplace transformed quantities as a function of
complex variable (S) or
Fourier transformed quantity i.e. frequency function as function of
imaginary variable S=jω
Functions of s are usually abbreviated to the capital letter, frequency
functions are never abbreviated R(S) → R, R(jω) ≠ R
 TERMINOLOGY
m,M(S) disturbance (u)
r(t), R(S) e,E(S) c(t), C(S)
Controller: g1, G1(S) Plant: g2, G2(S)

e=r±b
b(t), B(S) h, H(S) take off
point
R(S): Lapse Transform of reference input
E(S): Lapse Transform of actuating / error signal
M(S): Lapse Transform of manipulated variable
U(S): Lapse Transform of disturbance signal
G(S): Transfer function / gain of forward path
C(S): Lapse Transform of controlled variable
H(S): Transfer function / gain of feed back path
B(S): Lapse Transform of feed back signal
 TERMINOLOGY
Transducer is a device which converts one
energy form into other.
Regulator is a feedback system in which the
input is constant for long time.
Servomechanism is a power amplifying feedback
control system in which the controlled variable is
mechanical position, velocity or acceleration.
Synchros is a AC machine used for transmission of
angular position synchro motor- receiver, synchro
generator- transmitter.
Tachometer is a device whose output is directly
proportional to time rate of change of input.
 TERMINOLOGY
MIMO : multiple input multiple output
SISO : single input single output
Coupling :input meant for one output affects other output
direction error detector (eyes)
steering disturbance: wind/traffic

− heading
Actuator (hands)
Controller Vehicle
 Brain
Actuator (foot)
speed
−
Speed limits accelerator/brake
 EXAMPLE
An automatic toaster : open loop control system

set time heat quality of toast

Controller Toaster

How to make a toaster fully automatic?

 EXAMPLE
open loop?
Operation of traffic signals which
control traffic at road junctions closed loop?
Hybrid control
Camera
traffic
volume
 controller Road 1
r=0 Red/
green Traffic signal
 Road 2
traffic
volume
Camera
 EXAMPLE
To maintain the light intensity in a
room above a specified intensity. Open loop system
r2

controller
-
plant
r1 + Photo on l +
+ m
c
cell Lamp Room
e = r1 – r2 Off
(error < 0) l = 0 lamp is off
l = 1 lamp is on
 desired RECAP actual
level level
Pulley system Valve Water tank

Closed loop
Float
desired actual Physical system
level Muscles / level
Brain Water tank Pulley system
Valve
Valve
Closed loop
Eyes
actual Inlet flow
desired level
level
Water tank Out flow
Open loop Water tank