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Air Quality Modeling

Air quality modeling (AQM) uses mathematical and numerical techniques to simulate the dispersion of air pollutants from sources like stacks, vents, landfills, and storage piles. AQM can predict pollutant concentrations around sources, identify source contributions to air quality issues, assess source impacts and design control strategies, and predict future concentrations after new regulations. Key inputs include source characteristics, meteorology, and surrounding site conditions.

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Zara Iqbal
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165 views27 pages

Air Quality Modeling

Air quality modeling (AQM) uses mathematical and numerical techniques to simulate the dispersion of air pollutants from sources like stacks, vents, landfills, and storage piles. AQM can predict pollutant concentrations around sources, identify source contributions to air quality issues, assess source impacts and design control strategies, and predict future concentrations after new regulations. Key inputs include source characteristics, meteorology, and surrounding site conditions.

Uploaded by

Zara Iqbal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AIR QUALITY MODELING

AIR QUALITY MODELING (AQM)


 Predict pollutant concentrations at various locations
around the source.

 Identify source contribution to air quality problems.

 Assess source impacts and design control strategies.

 Predict future pollutant concentrations from sources after


implementation of new regulatory programs.
AREAS SURROUNDING THE SITE OF RELEASE
AIR QUALITY MODELING (AQM)
 Mathematical and numerical techniques are used in AQM to
simulate the dispersion of air pollutants.

 Modeling of the dispersion of pollutants


 Toxic and odorous substances
 Single or multiple points
 Point, Area, or Volume sources

 Input data required for Air Quality Modeling


 Source characteristics
 Meteorological conditions
 Site and surrounding conditions
AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATION MODELING
 Types of Pollutant Sources
 Point Sources
• e.g., stacks or vents

 Area Sources
• e.g., landfills, ponds, storage piles

 Volume Sources
• e.g., conveyors, structures with multiple vents
FACTORS AFFECTING DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS
IN THE ATMOSPHERE
 Source Characteristics
 Emission rate of pollutant
 Stack height
 Exit velocity of the gas
 Exit temperature of the gas
 Stack diameter

 Meteorological Conditions
 Wind velocity
 Wind direction
 Ambient temperature
 Atmospheric stability
GAUSSIAN MODELS
 Advantages

Produce results that match closely with experimental

data

Incorporate turbulence in an ad-hoc manner

Simple in their mathematics

Quicker than numerical models

Do not require super computers


GAUSSIAN MODELS
 Disadvantages

Not suitable if the pollutant is reactive in nature

Fails to incorporate turbulence in comprehensive sense

Unable to predict concentrations beyond radius of


approximately 20 Km

Forgreater distances, wind variations, mixing depths and


temporal variations become predominant
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NUMERICAL MODELS AND
GAUSSIAN MODEL
 The degree of completeness in the mathematical
description of the atmospheric dispersion processes

 Type of releases i.e., stack, jet or area source are easy to


handle manually

 The models are designed to handle, degree of completeness


in the description of non-transport processes like chemical
reactions

 Terrain feature complexities for which the model is designed


METHODS TO INCORPORATE PLUME RISE
 Effective Source Height Method
 Variable Plume Model Method
METHODS TO INCORPORATE PLUME RISE
 Effective source height method
 Independent of downwind distance, x
 Effective source height,
h = hs + ∆h – ht
where,
hs = Physical chimney height
ht = Maximum terrain height between the source and receptor

 Variable plume method


 Takes into account the tilt of the plume
PROBLEM
 Calculate the nighttime concentration of nitrogen oxides
1 km downward of an open, burning dump if the dump
emits NOx at the rate of 4 g/sec. The wind speed is 4
m/sec at 10 m above ground level. The one-hour
average diffusion coefficients at 1 km are estimated as sy
= 70 m and sz = 50 m and the dump is assumed to be a
point source.
SOLUTION
 Use Gaussian Model for ground level, center-line
concentration from a point source at ground level.
MODIFICATIONS IN GAUSSIAN PLUME MODEL
 Simplified Equations for Maximum Ground Level
Concentration

 Location of maximum concentration

 Ground Level Concentration during Limited Mixing


Condition

Where,
L = Mixing Height
TVA DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS
 Sigma’s are calculated as:
= Area / [C *(2*p) 0.5]
p peak
Where,
Area = Base times the average height of Concentration Profile along the axis
Cpeak = Maximum concentrations in that profile

 In a number of cases, sz is calculated using


Cmax = Q / [2*U* y* z*p]

and thus, the distribution is considered Gaussian i.e.,


C = Cmax exp[-0.5*(xg/s)2]
PROBLEM-1
 For the following data, find the maximum ground level
concentration at 4.2 km from the following stack:
 Effective stack height = 75 m
 Emission rate = 2520 g/sec
 Wind speed at stack height = 6 m/sec
 y = 560 m
 z = 535 m
PROBLEM-2
 For the following data, find the maximum ground level
concentration.
 Effective stack height = 150 m
 Emission rate = 1260 g/sec
 Wind speed at stack height = 6 m/sec

o Answer: C = --------- g/m3

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