SYNONYM & ANTONYM

Group 4
VC
LALU MUH ZIKRUL HAKIM (E1D111075)
SYAHRONI (E1D111130)
SURDIYANTININGSIH (E1D111128)
MIFTAHUL RAHMAYANTY (E1D111085)
YURIS SEFTIANI (E1D111138)
What is Synonyms?
Synonyms are words that have
the same meaning.
For example:

• happy and glad

•over and above
•alike and same
•sad and unhappy
 •Now you try some on your
own

1. What is the synonym for begin?

It is time to begin our math test
Did you say STAR? Your
right! GREAT JOB!!
 Let’s try another one

2.What is the synonym for

purchase?
We will purchase a bike at Indomart

Did you say BUY?

 Lyons Theory
Lyons (1995: 60) mentions the expression of
synonym. There are :
1. Absolute Synonym
2. Partial Synonym
3. Near-Synonym
Classification of Synonyms
(by V.V. Vinogradov)
1. Total synonyms
2. Ideographic synonyms.
3. Total synonyms
4. Ideographic synonyms.
5. Stylistic synonyms.
6. contextual/context-dependent synonyms
7. referential synonyms
1. Absolute Synonym
Absolute – words coinciding in all their shades of
meaning and in all their stylistic characteristics.
three conditions which lexical items must satisfy if
they are to be called absolute synonyms:
• all their meanings must be identical
• they must be synonymous in all contexts, i.e. they
must have the same collocation ranges
• they must be semantically equivalent on all
dimensions of meaning, descriptive and non-
descriptive.
2. Partial Synonym
Partial synonyms are those lexical items which
meet the criterion of identity of meaning but
which fail to meet the conditions of absolute
synonymy.
For Example:
big and large in They live in a __ house.
3. Near-Synonym
Near-Synonyms is the expressions that are more
or less similar, but not identical in meaning.
For Example
mist – fog, stream-brook, and dive-plunge
Lazy - idle dangerous - risky love - like
Classification of Synonyms
(by V.V. Vinogradov)
1. Total synonyms can replace each other in any given
context, without the slightest alteration in denotative
or emotional meaning and connotations (e.g. noun and
substantive, functional affix, flection and inflection);
is a rare occasion. Ex.: start – begin – commence,
eat/consume, help - aid, plenty – many, and former -
older
2. Ideographic synonyms. They bear the same idea but
not identical in their referential content. Ex.: To
happen – to occur – to befall – to chance; Look –
appearance – complexion – countenance.
3. Dialectical synonyms. pertaining to different
variant of language from dialectal
stratification point of view; Ex.: lift – elevator;
Queue – line; autumn – fall.
4. Contextual synonyms. Context can emphasize
some certain semantic trades & suppress
other semantic trades; words with different
meaning can become synonyms in a certain
context. Ex.: tasteless – dull; Active – curious;
Curious – responsive. Synonyms can reflect
social conventions. Ex.: clever, bright, brainy,
intelligent.
5. Stylistic synonyms. Belong to different styles:
child; Infant; Kid; neutral; elevated;
colloquial. It refers to situations when writers
or speakers bring together several words with
one & the same meaning to add more
conviction, to description more vivid. Ex.:
Safe & sound; Lord & master; First &
foremost; Safe & secure; Stress & strain; By
force & violence.
6. contextual/context-dependent synonyms – similar
in meaning only under some specific
distributional conditions, when the difference
between the meanings of two words is
contextually neutralized: e.g. buy and get.
7. referential synonyms – a vague term, concerns
coreferential expressions, when one denotatum
can be defined differently from different points
of view and in different aspects: e.g. names
Walter Scott and the author of 'Ivanhoe' are
coreferential because they refer to one and the
same denotatum – Sir Walter Scott;
 Antonyms
What is an antonym?
An antonym is a word opposite in meaning to another word. It
comes from the Greek words “anti” for opposite and “onym” for
name.
For simple explain
“If A is an antonym of B, then A means
the opposite of B”
 Antonyms in Sentences

• For example
 The plate is clean.
The plate is dirty.
dirty clean
 Adding a prefix

Sometimes, antonym can be easily made by

adding a prefix.
Examples of antonyms that were made by adding the prefix
“Un”
Like and unlike
happy and unhappy
“In”
Tolerant and intolerant and so on,,,,,
,
 Categories of antonyms
There are actually four categories of antonyms:
• Gradable antonym (contrary)
• Non-gradable antonym (complementary)
• Relational antonym
• Auto-antonym
 Categories of antonyms

 Gradable antonyms (contrary)

Graded antonyms deal with levels of the meaning of the words,
like if something is not “good”, is may still not be “bad.” There is a
scale involved with some words, and besides good and bad there can
be average, fair, excellent, terrible, poor, or satisfactory. Gradable
pairs (typically adjectives), it means that the meanings are relatively
subjective “may depend on context” and also include Comparative
and superlative forms.
For example
 Non-gradable antonym(complementary)
These antonyms truly represent oppositeness. They are so
opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no
possibility between them (non-gradable). Complementary
antonyms have a relationship where there is no middle ground. There
are only two possibilities, either one or the other.
For example
• dead-alive, present-absent, male-female, true-false, approval-
disapproval, capable-incapable
• Prefixes: dis-, in-, il-, ir-, im-, un-……
Dead vs alive
• if not‘daed’ then ‘alive’ and so on…..
For example
 Categories of antonyms
Relational antonyms, are opposites where one word
describes a relationship between two objects, and the
other word describes the same relationship when the
objects are reversed.
For example,,,
 parent and child,
 Win and lose
 Right and left
 teacher and student,
 Husband and wife
Examples:
 Categories of antonyms
Auto-antonyms
Auto-antonyms are the same two words that
mean the opposite. In an auto-antonym situation, a
single word has multiple meaning that are opposite.
For example the underlined word
the word of “Off”
Kick off
Turn off
 Let’s Review!

Nice and kind are:

synonyms
Happy and sad are:
antonyms
Quiet and loud are:
antonyms
Fast and quick are:
synonyms
 References
• http://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/CONCEPTS/synony
my.htm
• https://sites.google.com/site/derzispit/18-synonyms-
and-antonyms-definition-and-classification
• http://www.readingresource.net/support-
files/antonymrap.pdf
• www.studyzone.org/testprep/ela4/m/synonyml.cfm
• www.ecenglish.com/.../10-synonyms
• www.firstschoolyears.com/literacy/word/other/synonym
s/synonyms.htm
• www.crazyspeechworlds.blogspot.com