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Muscular System: Lecture By: M.K. Sastry

The document summarizes the muscular system. It discusses the three main types of muscles - smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and contract voluntarily to enable movement. They contain bundles of fibers called fascicles. Muscle contraction occurs when nerve impulses stimulate release of calcium in the muscle fibers, causing actin and myosin filaments to slide past each other and shorten the muscle. Muscles obtain energy for contraction from ATP produced through anaerobic and aerobic pathways. Slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers differ in how they produce energy and fatigue.

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264 views34 pages

Muscular System: Lecture By: M.K. Sastry

The document summarizes the muscular system. It discusses the three main types of muscles - smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and contract voluntarily to enable movement. They contain bundles of fibers called fascicles. Muscle contraction occurs when nerve impulses stimulate release of calcium in the muscle fibers, causing actin and myosin filaments to slide past each other and shorten the muscle. Muscles obtain energy for contraction from ATP produced through anaerobic and aerobic pathways. Slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers differ in how they produce energy and fatigue.

Uploaded by

Tri Ayu Eka Paksi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 34

MUSCULAR

SYSTEM
Lecture by: M.K. Sastry
Outline
• Types and Functions of Muscles
• Smooth
• Cardiac
• Skeletal
• Muscle Innervation
• Whole Muscle Contraction
• Oxygen Deficit
• Athletics and Muscle Contraction
• Slow and Fast Twitch Fibers
• Muscle Disorders
Types and Functions of Muscles
• Smooth muscle is located in the walls of hollow
internal organs and contracts involuntarily.
• Cardiac muscle forms the heart wall and contracts
involuntarily.
• Skeletal muscle runs the entire length of the muscle
and contracts voluntarily.
• Cells are muscle fibers
Functions of Skeletal Muscles
• Body support.
• Bone movement.
• Maintenance of body temperature.
• Assist movement in cardiovascular and lymphatic
vessels.
• Protect internal organs.
• Stabilize joints.
Skeletal Muscles of the Body
• A whole muscle contains bundles of skeletal muscle
fibers, fascicles.
• Muscles are covered with fascia that becomes
tendons.
• Muscles originate on the stationary bone, and insert
on the bone that moves.
Names and Actions of Skeletal Muscles
• Skeletal muscles are named based on
characteristics.
 Size
• Gluteus Maximus
 Shape
• Deltoid
 Direction of muscle fibers
• Rectus abdominus
 Number of attachments
• Biceps brachii
 Action
• Extensor digitorum
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction
• Overview of Muscular Contraction.
• Nerve impulses originate in the brain, travel down
motor neurons, and stimulate muscle fibers at
neuromuscular junctions.
• When muscle fibers are stimulated to contract,
myofilaments slide past one another, causing
sarcomeres to shorten.
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction
• Sarcolemma (plasma membrane)
• Sarcoplasm
• Myofibrils
• T Tubule
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum
• Contain Ca2+
 Light and dark bands (striations)
 Sarcomeres
• Thin filaments – actin
• Thick filaments – myosin
 Z line, A band, I band, H zone
 Sliding filament theory – actin and myosin filaments
moving. Myosin does work. ATP
Muscle Innervation
• Muscle fibers are stimulated to contract by motor
nerve fibers.
• Signaled when nerve impulses bring about release of
neurotransmitter molecules at a neuromuscular
junction.
Muscle Innervation
• Released Calcium gets to troponin
• Troponin causes a shift in tropomyosin
• Myosin head attaches (ATP=ADP + P)
• Stroke (ADP + P released)
• Contraction continues until nerve impulses cease.
Whole Muscle Contraction
• Muscle Twitch - Single muscle contraction.
• Divided into three stages.
• Stimulation.
• Contraction.
• Relaxation.
• If a muscle is given a rapid series of threshold
stimuli, muscle contraction summates in a sustained
contraction, tetanus.
Whole Muscle Contraction
• A motor neuron, together with all of the muscle
fibers that it innervates, is a motor unit.
• As the intensity of nervous stimulation increases,
more motor units are activated. (recruitment)
Energy for Muscle Contraction
• ATP produced previous to strenuous exercise lasts a
few seconds, and then muscles acquire new ATP in
three ways.
• Phosphate breakdown. (anaerobic)
• Fermentation. (anaerobic)
• Cellular respiration. (aerobic)
Oxygen Deficit
• When a muscle uses the anaerobic means of
supplying energy, it incurs an oxygen deficit.
• Repaying an oxygen deficit requires replenishing
creatine phosphate supplies and disposing of lactic
acid.
Athletics and Muscle Contraction
• Muscles that are not used, or are used in only weak
contractions can atrophy.
• Can cause muscle fibers to progressively shorten,
leaving body parts contracted in contorted positions.
• forceful exercise can cause muscle size to increase or
hypertrophy.
Athletics and Muscle Contraction
• Slow-twitch fibers produce most of their energy
aerobically and tire only when their fuel supply is
gone.
• Fast-twitch fibers tend to be anaerobic and seem to
be designed for strength as their motor units
contain many fibers.
• Can develop greater, and more rapid, maximum
tension than slow-twitch fibers.
Homeostasis
• Cardiac muscle contraction accounts for the
heartbeat, delivering blood to the tissues.
• Smooth muscle contraction accounts for peristalsis
and urination.
• Skeletal muscle contraction returns blood to the
heart and moves bones, allowing for body
movement.
Thank You

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