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Container Ships

Container ships are cargo ships that carry standardized shipping containers. They carry around 90% of the world's non-bulk cargo. Container ships are divided into cellular compartments and decks that hold containers stacked on top of one another. Larger container ships can only use the largest ports but don't require on-board cargo handling equipment. Container ships come in different sizes based on their ability to pass through the Panama Canal, Suez Canal, and the Malacca Strait. They also vary based on their cargo handling capabilities and trade route distances.

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798 views34 pages

Container Ships

Container ships are cargo ships that carry standardized shipping containers. They carry around 90% of the world's non-bulk cargo. Container ships are divided into cellular compartments and decks that hold containers stacked on top of one another. Larger container ships can only use the largest ports but don't require on-board cargo handling equipment. Container ships come in different sizes based on their ability to pass through the Panama Canal, Suez Canal, and the Malacca Strait. They also vary based on their cargo handling capabilities and trade route distances.

Uploaded by

Mia Anjelika Francia
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CONTAINER SHIPS

What are Container ships?

Container ships are the cargo ships which carry most sea-going non-
bulk cargoes. In today’s world, container vessels carry around 90% of
the world’s non-bulk cargoes. One of the main ways of carrying ready
goods worldwide is through Container Vessels. These containers are
of a standardised size so that they can be easily transferred to various
modes of transport. Anything can be carried on a Containership.
Like tankers, container ships are characterized by the absence of
cargo handling gear, in their case reflecting the usual practice of
locating the container-handling cranes at shore terminals rather
than aboard ship. Unlike the tanker, container ships require large
hatches in the deck for stowing the cargo, which consists of
standardized containers usually either 20 or 40 feet in length.
Below decks, the ship is equipped with a cellular grid of
compartments opening to the weather deck; these are designed
to receive the containers and hold them in place until unloading is
achieved at the port of destination. The ship is filled to the deck
level with containers, the hatches are closed, and one or two
layers of containers, depending upon the size and stability of the
ship, are loaded on the hatch covers on deck.
Among the disadvantages is the fact that each ship does not
carry quite as much total volume of cargo with containers as with
regular bulk stowage, because the containers themselves take
space and, since they are square in shape, do not fill in all the
nooks and crannies created by a ship-shaped hull form. Further, a
rather substantial capital investment is needed in port facilities,
such as special berths, weight-handling equipment, storage areas,
and links to land transportation, all of which must be made by the
ports that receive or ship via containership if its full potential
savings are to be realized.
* The cargo-carrying section of the ship is divided into several
holds with the containers racked in special frameworks and
stacked one upon the other within the hold space.
* Containers may also be stacked on Hatch covers and secured by
SPECIAL LASHINGS.

* Double bottom - A double bottom is fitted which adds to the


Longitudinal strength and provides additional ballast space.

* Accommodation and machinery space - Are usually located aft


leaving the maximum length of full-bodied ship for container stowage.
Container ships are of ever increasing size to take
advantage of the economies of scale. They tend to be
faster than most general cargo ships, with speeds up to
30 knots. The larger ships can use only the largest ports,
but as these are fitted out to unload and load
containers, the ship itself does not need handling gear.
Smaller ships are used to distribute containers from
large to smaller ports. Since the smaller ports may not
have suitable handling gear, these ships can load and
offload their own cargoes.
Barge- Carrying ships

An extension of the container ship concept is the barge-carrying


ship. In this concept, the container is itself a floating vessel, usually
about 60 feet long by about 30 feet wide, which is loaded aboard
the ship in one of two ways: either it is lifted over the stern by a
high-capacity shipboard gantry crane, or the ship is partially
submerged so that the barges can be floated aboard via a gate in
the stern.
Lashing
A lashing is an arrangement of rope wire or webbing with linking
device used to secure and fasten two or more items together in a
somewhat rigid manner.
In ro-ro and container ships the lashing of cargo is an important
safety consideration and usually calls for fittings that will permit
rapid and easy but effective securing of the cargo because of
short ship turnaround times. The shipbuilder is responsible for the
deck and perhaps hatch fittings for the securing devices, and will
look to the ship operator for guidance on their type and positions.
Types of Container ships
Container vessels can be classified in many ways:

Development Generations
Containers vessel have been through various phases. These phases have been
classified as generations.

First Generation – 1956 TO 1970 Fifth Generation – 2000 TO 2005


Second Generation – 1970 TO 1980 Sixth Generation – 2006 TO TILL DATE
Third Generation – 1980 TO 1988
Fourth Generation – 1988 TO 2000
Handling Modes

LoLo Container Ships

*Lift-on/Load-off vessels are the Geared container vessel, which can load and
discharge the cargoes itself using the ship’s own crane.

*They have the capability to operate without port cranes and can do the cargo
operations unassisted.
ROCON Container Ships

ROCONs are ro-ro vessels which also carry containers. The


arrangements are
such that the containers may be loaded on the deck or there is
separate hold specifically for loading containers.
Ship Size

Some of the main types of container ships based on size


are:
Panamax
Suezmax
Post-Panamax
Post-Suezmax
Post-Malaccamax
Panamax
Panamax size vessels were first introduced in 1980.
These vessels were of around 4000-5000 TEUs.
Their dimension was such that they could pass the
Panama canal.They were limited to the max length of
294.1m, Breadth of 32.3m and max draught of 12m,
which was par in comparison to the dimensions of the
canal.
Post- Panamax
*A new transportation net was introduced by APL without using
the Panama Canal. This created the ‘Post-Panamax’ type.
Introduction of Regina Mærsk in 1996 created a new
development in the container ship market with an official capacity
of 6400 TEU.

*Post-Panamax’s development was climactic. In the present


world, they occupy nearly 30% of the world’s fleet.
Suezmax

* Suezmax max size vessels were introduced in relation to Suez


canal. These vessels have nearly the same size as that of the Suez
canal.

* Suezmax vessels have a carrying capacity of around 12000


TEUs, with Breadth about 50-57 m and draught in between 14.4m-
16.4m.
Post-Suezmax
* These are Ultra large container vessels with a carrying
capacity of 18000 TEU with a breadth of 60m 21m max
draught.

* These vessels are known as Post Suezmax as their


dimensions are too big for the vessel to pass the Suez
canal.
Post – Malacamax

*This size emulates the maximum permissible draught


of 21m of Malacca Strait.

*For this size of the vessel to enter the Ports, the port
authorities will have to be ready. Presently only two
ports in the world is ready to accept this size of vessel
i.e., Singapore & Rotterdam.
Service Range

Feeder Ship
* These ships are used for short routes. Basically, the voyages
are not longer than 500nm and they trade in the coastal areas
only.
* The Capacity of such vessels does not exceed 1500TEU.

Mother Ship
* These are the vessels which are on international trade.
* The size of these vessels is much bigger than feeders.
Types Of Containers By Design

Flat Rack Container


Dry Van Box Container
Tunnel Container
Side Open Container
Cylindrical Tank Container
Thermal Container
Open Top Container
Refrigerated Container
OPEN TOP CONTAINER
FLAT RACK CONTAINERS
DRY VAN CONTAINERS
TUNNEL CONTAINER
SIDE OPEN CONTAINER
CYLINDRICAL TANK CONTAINER
THERMAL CONTAINER
Refrigerated container ships
Many of the container ships operating on trade routes where
refrigerated cargoes were carried in conventional refrigerated
cargo liners (‘reefer ships’) have provision for carrying
refrigerated containers and have in many cases replaced the
latter.

Temperatures for a refrigerated unit would be maintained at


about –27°C and for a freezer unit at about –60°C. They may be
carried on general cargo ships or on dedicated refrigerated ships.

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