HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW ANALYSIS OF

PIPES WITH SUDDEN EXPANSION AND SUDDEN

CONTRACTION USING NANOFLUIDS

UTTEJ BADE
19ME62R33
CONCEPTS:

 How to enhance the heat transfer.

 What are nanofluids.
 CuO-Water nanofluids
 Configurations.
I. Normal pipe
II. Sudden expansion pipe
III. Sudden contraction pipe
 CFD analysis.
 Correlations.
 Conclusions.
 Future scope.
HOW TO ENHANCE THE HEAT TRANSFER:

Convective heat transfer can be enhanced

passively by changing flow geometry, boundary
conditions, or by enhancing thermal conductivity of
the fluid. Various techniques have been proposed to
enhance the heat transfer performance of fluids.
Researchers have also tried to increase the thermal
conductivity of the base fluids by suspending micro or
larger-sized solid particles in fluids, since the thermal
conductivity of the solid is typically higher than that of
liquids.
WHAT ARE NANOFLUIDS:
 A Nano fluid is a fluid containing nanometres sized
particles, called nanoparticles.
 These fluids are engineered colloidal suspension of
nanoparticles in a base fluid.
 The nanoparticles used in Nano fluids are typically
made of metals, oxides, carbides, or carbon
nanotubes.
 Common base fluids include water, ethylene
glycol and oil.
CuO-WATER as nanofluid:

 CuO - nanoparticle.

 Properties of CuO nanoparticles:

I. Density=6350kg/𝑚3 .

II. Specific heat capacity=535.6J/kg-K.

III. Thermal conductivity= 76.5W/m-K.

IV. Particle size= 50nm.

 base fluid - WATER.

 Properties of water:
I. Density of water=1000kg/𝑚3 .

II. Specific heat capacity =4200J/kg-K.

III. Thermal conductivity = 0.6W/m-K.

Applications of the CuO nanoparticles:

The applications of copper oxide nanoparticles are:

 Doping materials in semiconductors

 chemical sensors
 Efficient antimicrobacterial agent
 Biological applications
 A good catalyst for different cross coupling
reaction
 Depending on the concentration of the nanoparticles
in the base fluid the physical properties of the
nanofluid changes.
 Thermal conductivity-
𝑘𝑝 +2𝑘𝑏𝑓 +2𝜑(𝑘𝑝 −𝑘𝑏𝑓 )
I. 𝑘𝑛𝑓 =
𝑘𝑝 +2𝑘𝑏𝑓 −𝜑(𝑘𝑝 −𝑘𝑏𝑓 )
𝑘𝑏𝑓
 Density:
II. 𝜌𝑛𝑓 =𝜑𝜌𝑛𝑝 + (1 − 𝜑)𝜌𝑏𝑓
 Viscosity:
III. 𝜇𝑛𝑓 =𝑐1 *𝑒 𝑐2 𝜑 𝜇𝑏𝑓
 Specific heat capacity:
𝜑𝜌𝑛𝑝 𝑐𝑝𝑛𝑝 +(1−𝜑)𝜌𝑏𝑓 𝑐𝑝𝑏𝑓
IV. 𝐶𝑃𝑛𝑓 =
𝜑𝜌𝑛𝑝 +(1−𝜑)𝜌𝑏𝑓
UDF FOR NANOFLUIDS:

 with the help of UDF properties of nano

fluids are determined.

 the properties determined are:

1. Thermal conductivity
2. Density
3. Viscosity
4. Specific heat capacity
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF NANO FLUID:

𝑘𝑝 +2𝑘𝑏𝑓 +2𝜑(𝑘𝑝 −𝑘𝑏𝑓 )

𝑘𝑛𝑓 = 𝑘𝑏𝑓
𝑘𝑝 +2𝑘𝑏𝑓 −𝜑(𝑘𝑝 −𝑘𝑏𝑓 )

𝑘𝑏𝑓 = -8.354*10−3 *𝑇 2 +6.53 ∗ 10−3 𝑇 − 0.5981

DENSITY :
𝜌𝑛𝑓 =𝜑𝜌𝑛𝑝 + (1 − 𝜑)𝜌𝑏𝑓

𝜌𝑏𝑓 =−3.570 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 𝑇 2 +1.88𝑇 + 753.2

VISCOSITY:
𝜇𝑛𝑓 =𝑐1 *𝑒 𝑐2𝜑 𝜇𝑏𝑓

238.3
𝜇𝑏𝑓 = 2.591 ∗ 10−5 ∗
10𝑇−143.2
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY:

𝜑𝜌𝑛𝑝 𝑐𝑝𝑛𝑝 +(1−𝜑)𝜌𝑏𝑓 𝑐𝑝𝑏𝑓

𝐶𝑃𝑛𝑓 = 𝜑𝜌𝑛𝑝 +(1−𝜑)𝜌𝑏𝑓
Configuration used:
Rectangular pipe:

0.025m

0.35m
 Normal pipe:

 Sudden expansion :
0.025m
0.0125m

0.2m 0.15m

sudden contraction:

0.025m
0.0125m

0.15m 0.2m
Normal pipe:

 The dimensions of the pipe are taken as

diameter = 0.025m
length=0.35m
 The model is considered as an axisymmetric.
 The inlet is considered as velocity-inlet. So the
velocity at the inlet is given as 0.002m/s.
 The outlet is considered as pressure outlet. So
the pressure at the outlet is taken as
atmospheric pressure.
 The heat input is given to the wall. The heat
input is 10000W/𝒎𝟐 .
 Temperature contours:

 The temperature at the outlet is obtained as

Outlet temperature=341.817k
RESULTS OBTAINED FOR NANOFLUID

 The different percentages of nanoparticles are

5%,10%,15%,20%,25% and 30% in water.
 With the increase in the percentages of nanoparticles
in nanofluids we observed there is a decrease in the
temperature output and increase in the thermal
conductivity.
 Temperature vs nanoparticle composition.
345
340
temperature

335
330
325
320
315
310
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
% of nanoparticles in basefluid

% of nanoparticles in basefluid Outlet temperature(k)

0 341.817
5 331.61
10 326.614
15 323.005
20 320.142
25 317.726
30 315.629
 Thermal conductivity vs nanoparticle composition
2
Thermal conductivity

1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
% of nanoparticles in basefluid

% of nanoparticles in basefluid Thermal conductivity(w/m-k)

0 0.6
5 1.104
10 1.18
15 1.29
20 1.42
25 1.58
30 1.78
SUDDEN EXPANSION PIPE:

 For a sudden expansion pipe we had taken

dimensions as:
Inlet diameter= 0.0125m
Outlet diameter=0.025m
 The model is considered as an axisymmetric.
 The inlet is considered as velocity-inlet. So the
velocity at the inlet is given as 0.002m/s.
 The outlet is considered as pressure outlet. So
the pressure at the outlet is taken as
atmospheric pressure.
 The heat input is given to the wall. The heat
input is 10000W/𝒎𝟐 .
RESULTS OBTAINED FOR NORMAL WATER:

 The outlet temperature is obtained as

Outlet temperature=421.709k
 temperature contours:
 Temperature vs % of nanoparticles
500
400
Temperature

300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
% of nanoparticles in base fluid

% of nanoparticles in basefluid Outlet Temperature(k)

0 421.709
5 388.277
10 375.292
15 365.484
20 357.442
25 350.709
30 345.034
 Thermal conductivity vs % of the nanoparticles
2
Thermal conductivity

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
% of the nanoparticles in base fluid

% of nanoparticles in base fluid Thermal conductivity

0 0.6
5 1.1
10 1.18
15 1.29
20 1.42
25 1.58
30 1.78
SUDDEN CONTRACTION PIPE:
 For a sudden contraction pipe we had taken
dimensions as:
Inlet diameter= 0.025m
Outlet diameter=0.0125m
 The model is considered as an axisymmetric.
 The inlet is considered as velocity-inlet. So the
velocity at the inlet is given as 0.002m/s.
 The outlet is considered as pressure outlet. So the
pressure at the outlet is taken as atmospheric
pressure.
 The heat input is given to the wall. The heat input is
10000W/𝒎𝟐 .
RESULTS OBTAINED FOR A NORMAL WATER:
 The temperature at the outlet is obtained as:
Outlet temperature = 326.752k
 Temperature contours:
 Temperature vs % of nanoparticles
330
325
temperature

320
315
310
305
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
% of nanoparticles in base fluid
% of nanoparticles in base fluid temperature
0 326.752
5 320.989
10 317.394
15 314.87
20 312.983
25 311.486
30 310.246
 Thermal conductivity vs % of nanoparticles
2
Thermal conductivity

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
% of nanoparticles in base fluid
% of nanoparticles in base fluid Thermal conductivity
0 0.6
5 1.104
10 1.18
15 1.29
20 1.42
25 1.58
30 1.78
 COMPARISION OF ALL THE THREE
CONFIGURATIONS:

 Temperature comparison:
500
450
400
350
Temperature

300 normal
250 contraction
200 expansion
150
100
50
0
0 0.1 Length 0.2 0.3
 From the above graph it is observed that:
I. For a normal pipe there is continuous increase in
temperature along the length of the pipe.
II. For a sudden contraction pipe there is a decrease
in the temperature at the notch region.
III. For a sudden expansion pipe there is a high
increase in the temperature at the notch region.
Length(m) Normal(k) Contraction(k) Expansion(k)

0.1 316.491 317.841 325.475

0.15 322.516 316.518 335.196

0.2 327.451 321.289 448.822

0.25 332.166 322.668 378.617

 Temperature vs % of nanoparticles
500

400
Temperature

300
normal
200
expansion
100 contraction
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
% of nanoparticles in basefluid

% of nanoparticles Normal pipe Expansion Contraction

0 341.817 421.709 326.752
5 331.61 388.277 320.989
10 326.614 375.292 317.394
15 323.005 365.484 314.87
20 3230.142 357.442 312.983
25 317.726 350.709 311.486
30 315.629 345.034 310.246
  Thermal conductivity:

2
Thermal conductivity

1.5

1 normal
contraction
0.5
expansion
0
0 10 20 30 40
% of nanoparticles in basefluid

 From the graph it is observed that there is no

change in thermal conductivity when there is a
change in the configuration of the pipe.
Correlations:
I. For a normal pipe:

𝑻 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟎𝟕 ∗ 𝑸𝟎.𝟎𝟗𝟔 ∗ 𝑽−𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟒 ∗ 𝝋−𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟗

II. For a sudden expansion pipe:

𝑻 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟔𝟒 ∗ 𝑸𝟎.𝟐𝟑𝟏 ∗ 𝑽−𝟎.𝟏𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝝋−𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟑

III. For a sudden contraction pipe:

𝑻 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟓𝟕 ∗ 𝑸𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝑽−𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟖 ∗ 𝝋−𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟏

Here Q=heat flux, V= velocity,

𝜑 = fraction of nanoparticles in basefluid.
CONCLUSIONS:
 The heat absorbing capacity of the fluid
increases with increase in the % of the
nanoparticles in the basefluid.
 With increase in the % of the nanoparticles in
the basefluid, the thermal conductivity of the
fluid increases.
 The rise in the temperature of the fluid varies
with the reynolds number.
 The thermal conductivity doesn’t depend on the
configuration.
From the conclusions we found the following applications of nanofluids.
Improved Heat Transfer and Stability:

 Because heat transfer takes place at the surface of the particle, it is desirable to
use a particle with a large surface area. Nanoparticles provide extremely high
surface areas for heat transfer and therefore have great potential for use in heat
transfer. The much larger relative surface areas of Nano phase powders, when
compared with those of conventional micrometre-sized powders, should
markedly improve the heat transfer capabilities and stability of the suspensions.
Miniaturized Systems:

 Nanofluid technology will support the current industrial trend toward

component and system miniaturization by enabling the design of smaller and
lighter heat exchanger systems. Miniaturized systems will reduce heat transfer
fluid inventory.
Minimal clogging:

 micrometre-sized particles cannot be used in practical heat transfer equipment

because of severe clogging problems. However, Nano phase metals are believed
to be ideally suited for applications in which fluids flow through small passages,
because the metallic nanoparticles are small enough that they are expected to
behave like molecules of liquid. This will open up the possibility of using
nanoparticles even in micro channels for many envisioned high-heat-load
applications.
FUTURE SCOPE:

 Modern nanotechnology provides great

opportunities to process and produce materials
with average crystallite sizes below 50 nm.

 We have done this project taking into

consideration the diameter of the pipe as
0.025m(25mm) but this can be done using the
micro sized pipes (micro channels).