Scribd
Upload
174 views56 pages

Crustal Deformation Final

Crustal deformation occurs when the earth's crust is bent, tilted, or broken due to stress. Stress and strain result from forces applied to rock, causing changes in shape. There are three main types of stress: compressional, tensional, and shear. Compressional stress squeezes rock, tensional stress stretches it, and shear stress causes parts of the rock to move in opposite directions. Deformation can be either brittle, resulting in cracks and fractures, or ductile, where the rock bends without breaking. Folds and faults are common results of deformation. Folds involve bending of rock layers, while faults occur when rock layers break and move relative to each other. The three main types of faults

Uploaded by

Sha Sha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
174 views56 pages

Crustal Deformation Final

Crustal deformation occurs when the earth's crust is bent, tilted, or broken due to stress. Stress and strain result from forces applied to rock, causing changes in shape. There are three main types of stress: compressional, tensional, and shear. Compressional stress squeezes rock, tensional stress stretches it, and shear stress causes parts of the rock to move in opposite directions. Deformation can be either brittle, resulting in cracks and fractures, or ductile, where the rock bends without breaking. Folds and faults are common results of deformation. Folds involve bending of rock layers, while faults occur when rock layers break and move relative to each other. The three main types of faults

Uploaded by

Sha Sha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 56

CRUSTAL DEFORMATION

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

Deformation
- - Is the bending, tilting and braking of earth’s
crust.
- - Change in the size / shape of any rock units
due to stress
STRESS AND STRAIN

Stress –force applied to a given area.

Strain – change in shape/ shape caused by


stress.
next
TYPES OF STRESS

Confining pressure – were stress is applied


uniformly in all directions.

Differential stress – are applied unequally in


different directions.
Stress: The amount of force that is exerted on
rock.
- Occurs when crust is squeezed, stretched, and
twisted when the
lithosphere moves.
- Compression
-Squeezes and shortens
- Reduces the amount of space a rock occupies
-Reduces the volume of rock- Pushes rock higher
up, uplift
- Near convergent boundaries
- Tension
-Stretches and pulls rock
-Rock becomes thinner
-Occurs near divergent boundaries
-Shear
-Distorts rock by pushing parts of the rock in
opposite directions.
-Rocks bend, twist, or break as they slide past each
other.
- Common at transform boundaries back
STRAIN
* Any change in the shape or volume of rock that
results from stress.
*If stress is applied slowly, the deformed rock may
regain its original
shape when the stress is removed.
*Some stress leads to permanent deformation of the
rock.
* Type of strain depends on composition of rock,
temperature, and pressure. back
TYPES OF
DIFFERENTIAL STRESS
Compressional
Tensional
Shear
next
back

Compressional stress
• Compresses rock.
 Horizontal
compressional stress
causes rock bodies to
shorten horizontally
and thicken vertically.
back

Tensional stress
• Pulls apart rocks.
 Horizontal tensional
stress causes rock
bodies to lengthen
hprizontally and thin
vertically.
back

Shear stress
• Affect forces.
 Cause
displacements along
fault zones or by
ductile flow.
Next
Deformation of rocks

Elastic deformation
- bounce back to original size / shape.
Plastic deformation
- Permanent change
TWO TYPES OF PLASTIC
DEFORMATION
Brittle
Ductile
Ductile

- materials bend or deform without


breaking.
* Occur at higher temperature/pressure.
Brittle strain

- appears as cracks or fractures


* Occurs mostly at the surface, lower
temperature/pressure.
whether rocks have ductile or brittle deformationit
depends on

*temperature
*confining pressure
*rock type
*time
Folds and faults
Folds - result from ductile deformation
of rocks.
Faults- result from brittle
deformation of rock.
FOLDING
FAULTS
• Stress (brittle strain) may cause rocks to break.
• If no movement occurs along the break = fracture.
• If movement occurs along the break = fault.
• A form of ductile strain.
• A fold is a bend in a rock layer
• Occurs when rock is compressed and
squeezed.
• Can also occur from shear stress.
Parts of a Fold

Limbs – The two sides of a fold


Axial plane – Imaginary surface
dividing a fold along it’s hinge line
Parts of a Fold
• MONOCLINE FOLD

– Both limbs are


horizontal
– Form when one
side moves up or
down
• ANTICLINE
FOLD

– Oldest layers are


in the center,
turns downwards
• SYNCLINE FOLD

– Youngest layers are in


the center,
turns upwards
Monocline in the
eastern Iran
Raplee Anticline,
Monument Upwarp,
near Mexican Hat,
Utah
Doubly plunging
anticline near
Chahar Gas, Iran
syncline near
Dubinovka, Iran
Note: the image is
rotated so that north
is toward the left.
Circular folds
Dome – upwarded displacement.

Basin- downward displacement.


Parts of fault
*Where the fault plane is sloping, as with
normal and reverse faults,
The hanging wall-is theupper side.
The footwall-the lower side .
*When the fault plane is vertical, there is
no hanging wall or footwall.
* The main components of a fault are:
(1) the fault plane
(2) the fault trace
(3) the hanging wall
(4) the footwall
The fault plane - is where the action is. It is a flat
surface that may be vertical or sloping. The line it
makes on the Earth's surface is the fault trace.
*Any fault plane can be completely described
with two measurements: its strike and its dip.
The strike - is the direction of the fault
trace on the Earth's surface.
The dip- is the measurement of how steeply
the fault plane slopes.
*For example, if you dropped a marble on the
fault plane, it would roll exactly down the
direction of dip.
Types of faults
Normal fault
-Hanging wall (which is
above fault) moves down
compared
footwall (below fault).
– Occur at divergent
boundaries
– Great Rift Valley, Africa
• Reverse fault
– Hanging wall moves up
compared to footwall
– Occur at convergent
boundaries (compression)
– Thrust fault (type of
reverse fault)
footwall
– Rockies and Alps
• Strike-slip fault
– Rocks slide
horizontally to each
other
– Due to shear stress at
transform boundaries
– San Andreas fault
•

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy