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Parallel Processing Pipelining Characteristics of Multiprocessors Interconnection Structures Inter Processor Arbitration Inter Processor Communication and Synchronization

This document discusses parallel processing and pipelining. It describes different types of parallel processing including Flynn's classification of parallel computers based on instruction and data streams. The key types are SISD, SIMD, MISD, and MIMD. Pipelining is introduced as a technique to decompose a process into sub-operations that can execute concurrently. The benefits of pipelining include achieving faster computational speed by allowing multiple computations to progress simultaneously through different pipeline stages.

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Yash Gupta Maurya
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116 views13 pages

Parallel Processing Pipelining Characteristics of Multiprocessors Interconnection Structures Inter Processor Arbitration Inter Processor Communication and Synchronization

This document discusses parallel processing and pipelining. It describes different types of parallel processing including Flynn's classification of parallel computers based on instruction and data streams. The key types are SISD, SIMD, MISD, and MIMD. Pipelining is introduced as a technique to decompose a process into sub-operations that can execute concurrently. The benefits of pipelining include achieving faster computational speed by allowing multiple computations to progress simultaneously through different pipeline stages.

Uploaded by

Yash Gupta Maurya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Overview

 Parallel Processing

 Pipelining

 Characteristics of Multiprocessors

 Interconnection Structures

 Inter processor Arbitration

 Inter processor Communication and Synchronization


Parallel Processing
Execution of Concurrent Events in the computing
process to achieve faster Computational Speed

- The purpose of parallel processing is to speed up the computer processing capability


and increase its throughput, i.e. the amount of processing that can be accomplished
during a given interval of time

Levels of Parallel Processing


- Job or Program level
- Task or Procedure level
- Inter-Instruction level
-Intra-Instruction level

Lowest level : shift register, register with parallel load


Higher level : multiplicity of functional unit that perform identical /different task
Parallel Computers
Architectural Classification
– Flynn's classification
• Based on the multiplicity of Instruction Streams and Data Streams
• Instruction Stream
– Sequence of Instructions read from memory
• Data Stream
– Operations performed on the data in the processor

Number of Data Streams


Single Multiple

Number of Single SISD SIMD


Instruction
Streams Multiple MISD MIMD
SISD

Control Processor Data stream Memory


Unit Unit

Instruction stream
Characteristics

- Single computer containing a control unit, processor and memory unit

- Instructions and data are stored in memory and executed sequentially

- may or may not have parallel processing

- parallel processing can be achieved by pipelining


SIMD
Memory
Data bus

Control Unit
Instruction stream

P P ••• P Processor units


Data stream

Alignment network

M M ••• M Memory modules

Characteristics
- Only one copy of the program exists
- A single controller executes one instruction at a time
MISD

M CU P

M CU P Memory
• •
• •
• •

M CU P Data stream

Instruction stream

Characteristics
- There is no computer at present that can be classified as MISD
MIMD
P M P M ••• P M

Interconnection Network

Shared Memory

Characteristics
- Multiple processing units

- Execution of multiple instructions on multiple data

Types of MIMD computer systems


- Shared memory multiprocessors

- Message-passing multicomputers
Pipelining
A technique of decomposing a sequential process into sub operations, with
each sub process being executed in a special dedicated segment that
operates concurrently with all other segments.

- It is the characteristic of pipelining that several computations can be in


progress in distinct segments at the same time.

- Each segment performs partial processing dictated by the way the task is
dictated

- The result obtained from computation is in each segment is transferred


to next segment in the pipeline

- The final result is obtained after data has been passed through all
segment
Pipelining
Simplest way to understand pipelining is to imagine that each segment
consist of input register followed by combinational circuit. The o/p of
combinational circuit in a segment is applied to i/p register of next segment
Ai * Bi + Ci for i = 1, 2, 3, ... , 7
Ai Bi MemoryCi
Segment 1
R1 R2

Multiplier
Segment 2

R3 R4

Adder
Segment 3

R5

R1  Ai, R2  Bi Load Ai and Bi


R3  R1 * R2, R4  Ci Multiply and load Ci
R5  R3 + R4 Add
Operations in each Pipeline Stage

Clock Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3


Pulse
Number R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
1 A1 B1
2 A2 B2 A1 * B1 C1
3 A3 B3 A2 * B2 C2 A1 * B1 + C1
4 A4 B4 A3 * B3 C3 A2 * B2 + C2
5 A5 B5 A4 * B4 C4 A3 * B3 + C3
6 A6 B6 A5 * B5 C5 A4 * B4 + C4
7 A7 B7 A6 * B6 C6 A5 * B5 + C5
8 A7 * B7 C7 A6 * B6 + C6
9 A7 * B7 + C7
General Pipeline
General Structure of a 4-Segment Pipeline
Clock

Input S1 R1 S2 R2 S3 R3 S4 R4

Space-Time Diagram

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Clock cycles
Segment 1 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
3 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
4 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Pipeline SpeedUp

n: Number of tasks to be performed

Conventional Machine (Non-Pipelined)


tn: Clock cycle (time to complete each task)
t1: Time required to complete the n tasks
t 1 = n * tn

Pipelined Machine (k stages)


tp: Clock cycle (time to complete each suboperation)
tk: Time required to complete the n tasks
tk = (k + n - 1) * tp

Speedup
Sk: Speedup

Sk = n*tn / (k + n - 1)*tp
Pipeline SpeedUp

As n becomes very larger than k-1 then k+n-1 approaches to n

Then : S= tn/tp

If we consider time taken to complete a task is same in both


circuits then tn=ktp and speedup reduces to

S= ktp/tn = k

i.e. maximum theoritical speedup pipeline can provide is k.

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