DEVELOPMENT

ADMINISTRATION: AN
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 1
(PART I)
 CONTENTS
• Definition
• The Nature of Development Administration
• Distinctions of Public and Private Administration
• Difference between Administration-
Management
• Difference between Development and Change
 What is Development?
DEVELOPMENT is widely participatory process
of directed social change in a society intended
to bring about both social and material
advancement including greater equality,
freedom and other valued qualities for the
majority of the people through their gaining
greater control over their environment.
 What is Administration?
ADMINISTRATION is the process or activity
of running a business, organization.
ADMINISTRATION is the officials in the
executive branch of government under a
particular chief executive.
 What is Management?
MANAGEMENT (or managing) is the
administration of an organization, whether it is a
business, a not for profit organization, or
government body.
MANAGEMENT means directing and controlling
a group of one or more people or an
organization to reach a goal.
 What is Public Administration?
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION is the
implementation of government policy and
also an academic discipline that studies this
implementation and prepares civil servants
for working in the public service.
What is Development Administration?
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION is originated
in 1955 by Goswami, an Indian Scholar. The
conceptualization and elaboration of the
concept were done by the western, especially
American Scholars and later popularized by
scholars like F.W. Riggs, Edward Wiedner,
Palmobara, B.S. Khanna, V.A. Panandikar
Jagannadham, H.B. Lee and others.
 DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
• A concept of administration which is action-oriented
rather than structure-oriented;
• The establishment of machinery for planning
economic growth and mobilization and allocating
resources to expand national income;
• As a phenomenon characterizing change and
growth.
 DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
• Acquiring new skills and new ideas and
involving a lot of experimentation.
• Willingness to take risks in order to encourage
change and growth.
• It emphasizes on-group performance and
intergroup collaboration rather than on
individual performance
 DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
• Setting of development goals and objectives
and evolvement of strategies are covered
under the head administration of
development.
• Concerned with that part of public
administration which is geared to the tasks of
development planning, projects and schemes.
 DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
• The branch of Public Administration which deals
with the development of a country’s economy and
society.
• It is a multi-disciplinary or inter-disciplinary
approach
• It is a part and parcel of administration which is
responsible for carrying out development programs
and projects.
 DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
• DA has to be a catalyst agent for social
and economic change, qualitative as
well as quantitative.
 DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
Five major themes can be identified:
1. Modernization
2. Economic growth
3. Quantitative change
4. Industrial
5. Harmony, stable, and orderly change
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION VIEWS
FROM WESTERN AND INDIAN SCHOLARS
 • Fred W. Riggs was a political
scientist and pioneer in
administrative model building and
theory formulation. He is known for
his works in Comparative Public
Administration, especially his
Riggsian Model.
According to F.W. Riggs:
DA refers both to administrative
1917-2008
problems and governmental reforms.
Riggs considers:
DA as both administrative problems and
governmental reform. These problems related to
governmental tasks connected with agricultural,
educational and medical progress.
 Edward Weidner was an educator,
public administration scholar and
founder of the University of Wisconsin–
Green Bay Weidner Center.
According to Weidner:
Development Administration (DA)
is basically “action-oriented and goal-
oriented administrative system.”
1921-2007
Arora, Ramesh K. Administrative
Theory, Comparative Public
Administration. An Ecology Perspective.

Prof. Arora says:

DA has been used in two senses.
First the administration of development
and second, development of
administration.
Irving Swerdlow is the author of The
Public Administration of Economic
Development
According to Swerdlow:
Identified two inter-related tasks
in development Administration. (1)
Institution building and (2) Planning.
The students of DA have recognized
that these aspects are functionally
interrelated to each other.
A collection of papers and
correspondence relating to the research
of Professor Bernard Schaffer (1925-
1984), social scientist. equitable
allocation and access to public services,
training in public administration,
labelling and policy discourse.
Prof. Bernard Schaffer stressed:
more on the formulation as well
as implementation of public policies.
• V. Jagannadham, India. Dept. of Family Planning, Indian
Institute of Public Administration
• Indian Institute of Public Administration, 1973 - Social Science
Prof. V. Jagannadham:
DA as a process of action motivated by and oriented to the
achievement of certain pre-determined goals.
• Born: 1932 (age 86 years)
• Books: Social Theory, Development
Administration, and Development
Ethics
Mohit Bhattacharya considers:
DA as an administrative ideology
of developing countries
Dr. Najjar is widely published in peer-
review management journals as well as
edited academic volumes and taught
countless business courses, and served
as a consultant to many businesses.
According to George K. Najjar:
The study of administrative
patterns and behavior in societies
caught in the midst of transition along
the path from rural, agricultural,
peasant life toward urban, industrial,
and more advanced forms.
Kempe Ronald Hope, Sr. is Senior Economic Governance Advisor at the United Nations Development
Programme in Nairobi, Kenya. He was previously the Principal Economic Adviser and Manager of the
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program at the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID), Liberia and Professor of Development Studies at the University of Botswana. He has
published extensively on African and international development issues with more than 100 articles and
more than 15 books and monographs.
Kempe Ronald Hope in his article “The Dynamics of Development”:
Three reasons for the development of “Development Administration” as
a new discipline as well as an approach.
They are:
a. Role of CAG (The Comparative Administration Group; between 1962-71)
headed by FW Riggs and supported by the Ford Foundation of America. The
group conducted extensive studies and later published several papers
intending to support the third world countries in their social reconstruction.
“The administrative problems of developing countries” was the concern of the
CAG
b. “Highly Prescriptive” nature of development
Administration. It suggests easy ways to
overcome administrative problems on the way
of operationalizing administrative tenets.
c. As an approach the new tendency of DA
demanded “administered social change.”
• DA is an intellectual enterprise with which defined goals of
development can be achieved. Welfare of people, increase in
per capita income, empowerment of the marginalized if any,
long term projects like implementation of five year plans,
strategies to ensure sustainable development, eradication of
poverty and mitigation of commoners’ grievances…. The list
may not be completed and the projects and programs of
government or public authority unquestionably relates to the
nature of their administration.
NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

• In examining the real nature of development

administration we have to pose the following
questions:
1. Development Administration as a Science
2. Development Administration as an Art
 IS DEVELOPMENT
ADMINISTRATION A SCIENCE?
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS A
SCIENCE
SCIENCE a systematically organized body of
knowledge on a particular subject.
SCIENCE the intellectual and practical
activity encompassing the systematic study
of the structure and behavior of the
physical and natural world through
observation and experiment.
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS A
SCIENCE
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION is a
growing discipline. As a discipline it
belongs to the biggest family of social
sciences.
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS A
SCIENCE
• It is inter-disciplinary in approach
• It can be described for the purpose of
study, teaching and research.
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS A
SCIENCE
• All social science including public
administration and development
administration are inexact because
they deal with the human element and
human behavior.
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS A
SCIENCE
• It can be studied systematically and
scientifically, it is scientific in nature.
• It uses scientific method in collection,
and verification of data
• Data are gathered and tabulated,
analyzed and compared to hypothesis.
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS A
SCIENCE
• The study of DA and academic
discipline is comparatively new.
• Prof. Weidner, he made the symbolic,
systematic and scientific foundations
of the discipline.
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS A
SCIENCE
1. It is an intellectual discipline or
science to be studied in educational
institutions both by the students
and scholars.
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS A
SCIENCE
2. It is one of the social sciences
largely concerned with the
investigation of social and
economic issues.
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS A
SCIENCE
3. It is a positive, normative and
empirical science.
 IS DEVELOPMENT
ADMINISTRATION AN ART?
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS AN ART
ART is a diverse range of human activities in creating
visual, auditory or performing artifacts, expressing the
author's imaginative, conceptual idea, or technical
skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or
emotional power.
ART the various branches of creative activity, such as
painting, music, literature, and dance.
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS AN ART

• DA is an activity which requires a skill

for its efficient performance.
• It is an art, and development
administrator is an artist.
• Talented person becomes
administrator
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS AN ART

• As an art, development administration

is concerned with the practical affairs
of administration.
• As a practice it stands for the process
or activity of administering
government affairs.
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS AN ART

• It is not only an art, but a fine art or

discipline.
• Art is not merely theory, but putting
theory in to practice.
• We find that DA is not merely theory
but practice.
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS AN ART

• It is more practical aspect rather than

theoretical discussion.
• As a practice, it is essentially an art.
• In the olden days of the monarchic period,
the royal and noble families used to pay
greater attention to the education of their
children in the art of governance.
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS AN ART

• There are examples of scholars who wrote

many ‘classics’ on the art of
administration. Some of the notable
examples are.
1. Kautilya’s Arthashastra
2. Machievelli’s Prince
 WE CAN CONCLUDE BY SAYING THAT
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION IS BOTH
A SCIENCE AS WELL AS AN ART
DISTINCTIONS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
ADMINISTRATION
 DISTINCTION OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
ADMINISTRATION
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION
• Service Delivery • Profit Motivation
• Political Process • Business Activities
• Legislative Approach • Profit Approach
• No Competition • Free competition
• Social Welfare Goals • Individual Welfare Targets
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADMINISTRATION AND
MANAGEMENT
ADMINISTRATION MANAGEMENT
• It is a top-level activity. • It is middle level activity.
• It is popular with • It is used in business
government, military, enterprises.
educational and religious • Motivating and controlling
organizations. functions are involved in it.
• Planning and organizing
functions are involved in it.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
ADMINISTRATION AND CHANGE?
Characteristics of Change and Development:

• Aim
Change: Change focuses on moving from
current status to a planned better future
status.
Development: Development focuses on one
specific area of change and facilitates it.
Characteristics of Change and Development:
• Focus Subjects:
Change: Organizational change mainly focuses
on change schedule, time, quality, and the cost.
Development: Organizational development
focuses on developing and enhancing employee
skills, knowledge, development and behaviors
for long term performance.
Characteristics of Change and Development:
• Duration:
Change: Organizational change has a specific
time schedule that is a shorter period compare
to organizational development.
Development: Organizational development is a
long-term effort that focuses on human
behavioral development.
Characteristics of Change and Development:
• Agents:
Change: Organizational change agents are
internal consultants, managers, or selected
executives.
Development: Development consultants are
mostly external consultants.
Characteristics of Change and Development:
• Planned or Not:
Change: Change can be a planned change or an
unplanned change. Planned changes are integrating
new technology, process changes, system change, etc.
Unplanned changes are the economic condition,
changes in government policies, etc.
Development: Organizational development is always
a well-planned action.
Characteristics of Change and Development:

• Basis of Plan:
Change: Organizational change is planned
on a forecasted situation.
Development: Organizational development
is planned based on the real problem of the
organization.