Scribd
Upload
584 views26 pages

Module+1 +introduction+-1

This module covers the formation of elements in the universe through three main processes: Big Bang nucleosynthesis, stellar nucleosynthesis, and supernova nucleosynthesis. Big Bang nucleosynthesis formed the lightest elements like hydrogen and helium shortly after the Big Bang. Stellar nucleosynthesis uses nuclear fusion inside stars to form heavier elements up to iron. Supernova nucleosynthesis uses neutron capture during supernovae to form elements heavier than iron.

Uploaded by

Claire Justine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
584 views26 pages

Module+1 +introduction+-1

This module covers the formation of elements in the universe through three main processes: Big Bang nucleosynthesis, stellar nucleosynthesis, and supernova nucleosynthesis. Big Bang nucleosynthesis formed the lightest elements like hydrogen and helium shortly after the Big Bang. Stellar nucleosynthesis uses nuclear fusion inside stars to form heavier elements up to iron. Supernova nucleosynthesis uses neutron capture during supernovae to form elements heavier than iron.

Uploaded by

Claire Justine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

MODULE 1

Duration: 1 Week

• Formation of elements in the universe based on big bang


theory
• Formation of heavier elements during star formation and
evolution
• Nuclear fusion reaction takes place in stars
• Formation of heavier elements than iron
• Isotopic abundance
Learning objectives

The learners…
● give evidence for and explain the formation of the light
elements in the Big Bang theory
● give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier
elements during star formation and evolution
● write the nuclear fusion reactions that take place in stars,
which lead to the formation of new elements
● describe how elements heavier than iron are formed
ONLINE ACTIVITY: Watch the following videos below
and do the activity provided on the next slide.
Using the venn diagram below, compare and contrast
the three types of Nucleosynthesis videos namely Big Bang
Nucleosynthesis, Stellar Nucleosynthesis, Supernova
NUcleosynthesis
FORMATION OF
ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE
UNIVERSE

Hubble Space Telescope's picture of the galaxy NGC 4013.


VOCABULARY
NUCLEOSTNTHESIS- the process that creates new atomic
nucleus from preexisting nucleons.
NUCLEONS- a proton or neutron
ISOTOPE- a form of an element that has the same atomic
number of the original element but with a different atomic mass or
mass number.
Neutron capture is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic
nucleus and one or more neutrons collide and merge to form a
heavier nucleus. Since neutrons have no electric charge, they can
enter a nucleus more easily than positively charged protons,
which are repelled electrostatically.
FORMATION OF LIGHT
ELEMENTS: BIG BANG
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

What is BIG BANG THEORY?


This theory explains that the universe started as a very dense and
hot singularity which eventually cooled and began to form different
particles 13.7 billion years ago.
During the Big Bang, nucleosynthesis occurred forming light
elements.
FORMATION OF LIGHT
ELEMENTS: BIG BANG
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

What is BIG BANG


NUCLEOSYNTHESIS?
The Big Bang Nucleosynthesis theory predicts that roughly 25% of
the mass of the Universe consists of Helium. It also predicts about
0.001% deuterium, and even smaller quantities of lithium
IN THE BEGINNING...
… the temperature was so great that all matter was fully
ionized and dissociated. Roughly three minutes after the Big
Bang itself, the temperature of the Universe rapidly cooled
from its phenomenal 10^32 Kelvin to approximately 10^9
Kelvin. At this temperature, nucleosynthesis, or the production
of light elements, could take place. In a short time interval,
protons and neutrons collided to produce deuterium (one
proton bound to one neutron). Most of the deuterium then
collided with other protons and neutrons to produce helium and
a small amount of tritium (one proton and two neutrons).
Lithium 7 could also arise form the coalescence of one tritium
and two deuterium nuclei.
TWO NUCLEAR REACTIONS
HAPPENING DURING BIG BANG
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
TWO NUCLEAR REACTIONS
HAPPENING DURING BIG BANG
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
NUCLEAR FUSION
It is the process by which light nuclei fuse together to form a heavier
nucleus.

Chief nuclear reactions responsible for the relative abundances of light


atomic nuclei observed throughout the universe.
hydrogen and helium are most common,
residuals within the paradigm of the big
bang
FORMATION OF HEAVIER
ELEMENTS: STELLAR
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
• Heavy elements were formed only billions of years later, after the
formation of stars.
• The density inside a star is great enough to sustain fusion for the
extended time periods required to synthesize heavy elements.
• Stars are hot and dense enough to burn hydrogen-1 (1H) to
helium-4 (4He).
• There are several nuclear synthetic routes and various nuclei are
formed as by-products, including:
13N, 13C, 14N, 15O, 15N, 12C, 16O, 17F & 8Be

although these nuclei are either radioactive or are quickly consumed


in the stellar furnace.
STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS is the formation of heavy elements
by the fusion of lighter nuclei in the interior of stars.

The temperature in the stellar interior


increases and more nuclear synthetic
pathways become available producing:
20Ne, 23Na, 23Mg, 24Mg, 28Si, 31P,
31S, 32S, & all the way up to 56Fe
FORMATION OF HEAVY
ELEMENTS: NEUTRON
CAPTURE REACTION
SUPERNOVA
• A massive explosion of a star that allows the formation of
heavy elements.
• Neutron capture reactions take place in supernova,
leading to the formation of heavy elements by the addition
of more neutrons to existing nuclei.
• Stars lighter than the sun can only sustain helium
formation
• Heavy stars can sustain a chain of nuclear fusion
reactions such as conversion of He to C to O.
WHAT IS NEUTRON
CAPTURE REACTION?
A nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus and one or more neutrons collide
and merge to form a heavier nucleus.

Figure 1: Diagram illustrating the process of neutron capture by a target


nucleus followed by the emission of gamma rays
SEATWORK: ESSENTIAL LEARNING
Fill in the blanks.
In this module, you have learned how elements are formed. There are three
reactions that led to the formation of elements: ______________,
____________, and ________________. There reaction required certain
amount of _____ to proceed, which was obtained from the ________ of the
continuously __________universe. Thus, energy in the form of heat does not
only produce work but also the elements that make up ________ that we have
today.
The reactions involved in the formation of these elements are dependent on
the _____________ of the elements. More energy, and thus require higher
_______, is needed to form ______ elements. ______________ formed light
elements, where as _______ in stars formed elements with atomic mass that
is ________ than iron, which required tremendous amount of energy to be
formed, was produced from a ________________ in _________.

energy neutron capture reaction atomic mass


work heat
temperature
nuclear fusion expanding heavier
nucleosynthesis matter
MODULE 2: ELEMENTS
AND ISOTOPES
Isotopes- atoms of the same elements that have the same atomic
number (Z) but different mass numbers (A).

Isotope notation
A= mass number ( protons + neutrons)
Z= atomic number (number of protons
e= atomic charge ( protons-electrons)
ISOTOPES AND MASS
NUMBERS OF
ELEMENTS
ATOMIC MASS AND
ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCE
Relative Atomic mass is the average mass of all isotopes of an
element, which is calculated by getting the sum of the products of
the percent abundance of the isotope and its atomic mass.
Isotope abundance is an expression of how frequent the isotope
of a given element actually exists.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Problem #1: Nitrogen is made up of two isotopes, N-14 and N-15.
Given nitrogen's atomic weight of 14.007, what is the percent
abundance of each isotope?
Here's the solution:
(14.003074) (x) + (15.000108) (1 - x) = 14.007
(14) (x) + (15) (1 - x) = 14.007
Solving gives:
14x + 15 - 15x = 14.007
x = 15 - 14.007 = 0.993
1 - x = 0.007
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Problem #2 A sample of naturally occurring silicon consists Si-28 (amu
= 27.9769), Si-29 (amu = 28.9765) and Si-30 (amu = 29.9738). If the
atomic mass of silicon is 28.0855 and the natural abundance of Si-29 is
4.67%, what are the natural abundances of Si-28 and Si-30?
Solution:
1) Set up a system of two equations in two unknowns:
Let x = isotopic abundance of Si-28 (as a decimal)
Let y = isotopic abundance of Si-30 (as a decimal)
Therefore:
(27.9769) (x) + (28.9765) (0.0467) + (29.9738) (y) = 28.0855
x + 0.0467 + y = 1.000
2) Rearrange the second equation to:
y = 1.000 - 0.0467 - x
Seatwork
1. Chlorine is made up of two isotopes, Cl-35 (34.969 amu) and
Cl-37 (36.966 amu). Given chlorine's atomic weight of 35.453
amu, what is the percent abundance of each isotope?
Smart quiz: What Have I
learned So Far?
1. What was formed as the universe expanded and cooled down?
2. What do you call the process of creating new atomic nuclei from pre-
existing nucleons?
3. What is the process by which light nuclei join together to form a
heavier nucleus?
4. Write the nuclear equations for the following fusion reactions:
A. Fusion of two deuterium isotopes to form helium-3
B. Fusion of deuterium and neutron to form tritium
C. Fusion of deuterium and a proton to form helium-3
5. Which of the following describes stellar nucleosynthesis?
A. It produced the light elements.
B. It occurred shortly after the big bang.
C. It produced the hydrogen isotope, deuterium.
D. It involved nuclear fusion and neutron capture.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy