Essentials of

Organizational Behavior
13e
Stephen P. Robbins & Timothy A. Judge

Chapter 5

Personality and Values

5-1
Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 8

Motivation: From
Concepts to Applications

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

After studying this chapter
you should be able to:
1. Describe the job characteristics model and the way it
motivates by changing the work environment.
2. Compare the main ways jobs can be redesigned.
3. Explain how specific alternative work arrangements can
motivate employees.
4. Describe how employee involvement measures can
motivate employees.
5. Demonstrate how the different types of variable-pay
programs can increase employee motivation.
6. Show how flexible benefits turn benefits into motivators.
7. Identify the motivational benefits of intrinsic rewards
such as employee recognition programs.
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 Motivating by Job Design:
The Job Characteristics Model
 Job characteristics model: jobs are
described in terms of five core dimensions:
 Skill variety
 Task identity
 Task significance
 Autonomy
 Feedback

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The Job Characteristics Model

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Designing Motivational Jobs

JCM-designed jobs give internal rewards

Individual’s growth needs are moderating
factors
Motivating jobs must:
Be autonomous
Provide feedback
Be meaningful

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How Can Jobs Be Redesigned?
Job Rotation
 The periodic shifting of an employee
from one task to another
Job Enrichment
 Increasing the degree to which the
worker controls the planning, execution,
and evaluation of the work
 Enrichment reduces turnover and
absenteeism while increasing
satisfaction
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Guidelines for Enriching a Job

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How Can Jobs Be Redesigned?

Relational Job Design

 Designing work so employees are
motivated to promote the well-being
of the organization’s beneficiaries
 Relate stories from customers who
have benefited from the company’s
products or services
 Connect employees directly with
beneficiaries
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How Can Jobs Be Redesigned?

Alternative Work Arrangements

 Flextime
 Some discretion over when worker starts
and leaves
 Job Sharing
 Two or more individuals split a traditional
job
 Telecommuting
 Work remotely at least two days per week
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 Employee Involvement

 Employee involvement: A
participative process that uses the
input of employees to increase their
commitment to the organization’s
success
 Two types:
1. Participative management
2. Representative participation
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 Participative Management
 Participative management: Subordinates
share a significant degree of decision-making
power with superiors
To be effective:
 Followers must have confidence and trust in
leaders
 Leaders should avoid coercion and stress
organizational consequences of decisions
Only a modest influence on productivity,
motivation, and job satisfaction
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Representative Participation
Representative participation:
Workers are represented by a small
group of employees who participate in
decisions affecting personnel
Works councils
Board membership
Redistribute power within an
organization
Does not appear to be very motivational
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Employee Involvement Programs
and Motivation Theories
Theory Y: consistent with participative
management
Theory X: consistent with the more
autocratic style of managing
Two-factor theory: employee
involvement programs could provide
intrinsic motivation by increasing
opportunities for growth, responsibility,
and involvement in the work itself
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Using Pay to Motivate Employees

 Major strategic rewards decisions:

 What to pay employees
 How to pay individual employees
 What benefits to offer
 How to construct employee
recognition programs

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 What to Pay

Establishing a pay structure

Balance between:
Internal equity – the worth of the job to
the organization
External equity – the external
competitiveness of an organization’s pay
relative to pay elsewhere in its industry
A strategic decision with trade-offs

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 How to Pay
Variable-Pay Programs
 Base a portion of the pay on a given measure of
performance
 Seven types:
1. Piece-rate pay plan
2. Merit-based pay
3. Bonuses
4. Skill-based pay
5. Profit-sharing plans
6. Gainsharing
7. Employee-stock ownership plan (ESOP)
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Variable-Pay Programs
1. Piece-Rate Pay: workers are paid a
fixed sum for each unit of production
completed
2. Merit-Based Pay: pay is based on
individual performance appraisal ratings
3. Bonuses: rewards employees for recent
performance
4. Skill-Based Pay: pay is based on skills
acquired instead of job title or rank –
doesn’t address the level of performance
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 Variable Pay Programs
5. Profit-Sharing Plans – organization-wide programs
that distribute compensation based on an established
formula designed around profitability
6. Gainsharing – compensation based on sharing of
gains from improved productivity
7. Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) –
plans in which employees acquire stock, often at
below-market prices
 While it appears that pay does increase productivity, it
seems that not everyone responds positively to
variable-pay plans
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Using Benefits to Motivate

Benefits are both an employee provision

and an employee motivator
Individual employees value the
components of benefits packages
differently
A flexible benefits program turns the
benefits package into a motivational tool

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Using Intrinsic Rewards to Motivate

 Employee recognition programs

Can be as simple as a spontaneous comment
Can be formalized in a program
 Recognition is the most powerful workplace
motivator – and the least expensive – but
fairness is important

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Implications for Managers

Recognize individual differences

Use goals and feedback
Allow employees to participate in
decisions that affect them
Link rewards to performance
Check the reward system for equity

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 Keep in Mind…

 Most people respond to the intrinsic

job characteristics of the JCM
 It is not clear that employee
involvement programs work – use
caution!
 Variable-pay plans can enhance
motivation

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 Summary
1. Described the job characteristics model and the way it
motivates by changing the work environment.
2. Compared the main ways jobs can be redesigned.
3. Explained how specific alternative work arrangements can
motivate employees.
4. Described how employee involvement measures can
motivate employees.
5. Demonstrated how the different types of variable-pay
programs can increase employee motivation.
6. Showed how flexible benefits turn benefits into motivators.
7. Identified the motivational benefits of intrinsic rewards
such as employee recognition programs.
8-24
Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 8-25
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