English Grammar

Chapter III
Verb & the verb phrases
 Issues
1. Different classifications of English verbs
2. Grammatical categories of the verb
3. Intensive complementation
4. Monotransitive complementation
5. Ditransitive complementation
6. Complextransitive complementation
 1/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Functions of items
Verb according to

= words or phrases Complementation

indicating an action,
an event, or a state
Possibility of admitting
E.g.: kiss, break out, have progressive aspect

Structure
 2/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Functions of items
Verbs according to

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

 3/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Functions of items
Verbs according to

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

Regular E.g.: book, booked, booked

Irregular E.g.: teach, taught, taught

 4/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Functions of items
Verbs according to

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

Primary

Modal

Marginal
modal auxiliary
 5/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Functions of items
Verbs according to

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

Primary
• include: do, have, be
• change meaning when becoming a
Modal
full verb
E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading. Marginal
modal auxiliary
 6/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Functions of items
Verbs according to

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

• include: Primary
Can – could
May – Might Modal
Shall-should
Will-would
Must Marginal
modal auxiliary
Ought to
 7/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Functions of items
Verbs according to

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

Primary

Modal

Marginal
• include: used to, dare, need modal auxiliary
 8/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

 9/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

• connect S & C
Current copular E.g.: be, appear, feel, look,
• have the pattern: remain, seem
SVC or SVA(obli)
E.g.: become, get, go,
Resulting copular
E.g.: I feel tired. grow, turn, make
He’s in the cab.
 10/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Intransitive

Transitive
 11/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

• require no Object
• have the pattern: SV
Intransitive
• make complete sense
themselves
Transitive
E.g.: He’s singing.
The baby cried.
 12/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Mono-transitive
Intransitive

Di-transitive
Transitive

Complex-transitive
 13/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Mono-transitive
Intransitive

• require one direct Object (Od)

Di-transitive
• have the pattern: SVOd Transitive

E.g.: Complex-transitive
I kissed her.
He caught the ball.
 14/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Mono-transitive
Intransitive

Di-transitive
Transitive

• require both direct

Complex-transitive
Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi)
• have the pattern: SVOiOd
E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.
 15/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

• require Object and Object Complement

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs
(Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli))
• have the pattern: Mono-transitive
SVOCo or SVOA(obli) Intransitive
E.g.: He made me really crazy.
Di-transitive
He sent his son to the kindergarten. Transitive

Complex-transitive
 16/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Possibility of admitting
Verbs according to progressive aspect

Stative verbs Dynamic verbs

 17/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Possibility of admitting
Verbs according to progressive aspect

Stative verbs

= verbs that show the

Verbs of inert perception & recognition
condition or status
and do not accept the
progressive aspect Relational verbs
E.g.: I am a boy.
It feels thin.
 18/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Possibility of admitting
Verbs according to progressive aspect

Stative verbs

Verbs of inert perception & recognition

• adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear,

Relational verbs
impress, know, like, etc.
E.g.: I like you
He said he hated cooking.
 19/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Possibility of admitting
Verbs according to progressive aspect

Stative verbs

• apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess,
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
sound, tend, etc.
E.g.: She resembles her mother.

Relational verbs
 20/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Possibility of admitting
Verbs according to progressive aspect

Dynamic verbs
= verbs that show the action or the
change of status
Verbs of body sensation
E.g.: She learns English.
He hit me. Activity verbs
She is English. ( ‘is’ isn’t
dynamic verb because it denotes a Transitional event verbs
permanent status)
Momentary verbs

Process verbs
 21/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Possibility of admitting
Verbs according to progressive aspect

Dynamic verbs

Verbs of body sensation

Activities verbs
• ache, hurt, itch, feel, etc.
Transitional event verbs

Momentary verbs

Process verbs
 22/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Possibility of admitting
Verbs according to progressive aspect

Dynamic verbs

Verbs of body sensation

Activities verbs

• ask, eat, help, learn,

Transitional event
say, throw, verbs
write etc.
Momentary verbs

Process verbs
 23/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Possibility of admitting
Verbs according to progressive aspect

Dynamic verbs

Verbs of body sensation

Activities verbs

Transitional event verbs

• arrive, land, Momentary

leave, lose,verbs
die etc.

Process verbs
 24/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Possibility of admitting
Verbs according to progressive aspect

Dynamic verbs

Verbs of body sensation

Activities verbs
• hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap etc.
Transitional event verbs

Momentary verbs

Process verbs
 25/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Possibility of admitting
Verbs according to progressive aspect

Dynamic verbs

Verbs of body sensation

Activities verbs

Transitional event verbs

• change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down etc.
Momentary verbs

Process verbs
 26/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to

One-word verbs Multi-word verbs

 27/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to

One-word verbs

• as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE

WORD
E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.
 28/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to

Multi-word verbs

Phrasal verbs

Prepositional verbs

Phrasal-prepositional verbs
 29/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to

Multi-word verbs

Phrasal verbs

• turn on (the light), bring up (the child), hand in verbs

Prepositional
(the paper), give up, take of, etc.
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
 30/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to

Multi-word verbs

Phrasal verbs

Prepositional verbs

• look at (the girl), take after (somebody), look verbs

Phrasal-prepositional
after (somebody), etc.
 31/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to

Multi-word verbs

Phrasal verbs

• come up with, make up for, stand in for, Prepositional

put up with, verbs
etc.

Phrasal-prepositional verbs
 1/2

2 Grammatical categories of verbs

Grammatical categories of verbs

Tense Aspect Mood Voice

Progressive

Present Indicative Active

Perfective

Past Imperative Passive

Perfective-
progressive
Subjunctive
Simple
 2/2

2 Grammatical categories of verbs

Tense = the correspondence between the form of the verb and

our concept of time
• language specific
• while TIME: universal, non-linguistic
• includes PAST and PRESENT
• no FUTURE TENSE because there’s no verb form
corresponding to future time.
 3/2

2 Grammatical categories of verbs

Aspect • the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded

with respect to time
• progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as in progress
• perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as completed
E.g.: I am writing with a special pen. (progressive aspect)
I have written with a special pen. (perfective aspect)
• Tense & aspect are intermingled.
 4/2

2 Grammatical categories of verbs

Tense & Aspect

Tense Simple Complex

Progressive Perfective Perfect progressive
Aspect
Present Present Present Present Present perfect
simple progressive perfect progressive

Past Past Past progressive Past perfect Past perfect

simple progressive
 5/2

2 Grammatical categories of verbs

Mood = a grammatical category that relates the verb action to such

conditions as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility

Indicative = statement of the fact E.g.: She’s nice to me.

(fact - indicative)

Imperative = command, request Be nice to me.

(command - imperative)
Subjunctive = non-fact, unreal I suggest she be nice to me.
(non-fact - subjunctive)
 6/2

2 Grammatical categories of verbs

Subjunctive mood

Mandative

Formulaic

Subjunctive
“were”
 7/2

2 Grammatical categories of verbs

Subjunctive mood

Mandative • Found in “-that clause” (verbs: recommend, demand,

request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that)
• Form: the base
Formulaic • Aim: to be formal
E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his
chicken.
It is necessary that every student pay the tuition
Subjunctive fee.
“were”
 8/2

2 Grammatical categories of verbs

Subjunctive mood

Mandative • Found in clause in certain set expressions

• Form: the base
E.g.: May god bless you.
Formulaic Long live the King.
God save the Queen.
Come what may, we’ll go ahead.

Subjunctive
“were”
 9/2

2 Grammatical categories of verbs

Subjunctive mood

Mandative

• Found in conditional & concessive clauses,

Formulaic subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose
• Form: WERE
• Meaning: hypothetical/unreal
Subjunctive E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.
“were” Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.
 10/2

2 Grammatical categories of verbs

Voice = a grammatical category that makes it possible to view

the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without
change in the facts reported
• include: passive and active voice
E.g.: He ate all the apples. (active)
The dog was bitten by our neighbor. (passive)
 1/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

C (complement) A (adverbial)
 2/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

C (complement) A (adverbial)

Adjective phrase

Noun phrase

Nominal clause
 3/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

C (complement) A (adverbial)

Adjective phrase E.g.: She is so crazy.

That is ridiculous!
Noun phrase

Nominal clause
 4/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

C (complement) A (adverbial)

Adjective phrase

E.g.: She isn’t a good student.

Noun phrase
It appears the only solution.

Nominal clause
 5/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

C (complement) A (adverbial)

Adjective phrase

Noun phrase
finite clause

Nominal clause
non-finite clause
 6/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

• “that clause”
E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot.
C (complement) A (adverbial)
• “wh-interrogative clause”
Adjective phrase E.g.: The problem is not who will go.
• “nominal relative clause”
E.g.: Quality is what counts most.
Noun phrase
finite clause

Nominal clause
non-finite clause
 7/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

• “bare-infinitive clause”
C (complement) A (adverbial)
E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head.
Adjective phrase • “to-infinitive clause” with(out) “Subject” (S)
E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S)
The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S)
Noun phrase
• “-ing clause”
finite clause
E.g.: Seeing is believing.
Nominal phrase
non-finite clause
 8/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)

Adverbial

Prepositional phrase
She is in the garden.
The program is at night.
Home is where your family is.
Finite clause
 1/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation

Mono-transitive verb complementation

(SVO)

Noun phrase Finite clause Non-finite clause

 2/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O) Prepositional O

With passive

one-word verbs Prepositional verbs

phrasal verbs

Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs

 3/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O) Prepositional O

With passive

one-word verbs Prepositional verbs

phrasalE.g.:
verbsTom caught the ball.
The ball was caught by Tom.
Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs
 4/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O) Prepositional O

With passive

one-word verbs Prepositional verbs

phrasal verbs

E.g.: They passed over the question.

Without passive The question was passed over. Phrasal prepositional verbs
 5/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O) Prepositional O

With passive

one-word verbs Prepositional verbs

E.g.: phrasal
She hasverbs
a nice house.
A house is had by her.

Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs

 6/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O) Prepositional O

With passive

one-word verbs Prepositional verbs

phrasal verbs
E.g.: The management paid for his
air fares.
Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs
 7/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O) Prepositional O

With passive

one-word verbs Prepositional verbs

phrasal verbs
E.g.: He looked down on them.

Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs

 8/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause Wh- clause

 9/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause Wh- clause

Extraposed subject
that-clauseE.g.: I don’t care what you are saying.
I wondered who did make the bed for me.
Extraposed object Can you confirm which flight we are taking?
that-clause I realized what a fool I had been.
I know how busy you are.
That- clause
as object
 10/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause

That- clause as object

Super-ordinate verbs

Subordinate verbs
 11/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

Major Factual
That- clause

That- clause as object

Suasive
Super-ordinate verbs
Emotive

Minor Hypothesis

Subordinate verbs
 12/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

Major Factual
That- clause

That- clause as object • introduce what one might generally describe

as factual or propositional
Suasive information
Super-ordinate verbs
E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was
misled. Emotive

Minor Hypothesis

Subordinate verbs
 13/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

Major Factual
That- clause

That- clause as object

Suasive
Super-ordinate verbs

• imply intentions toEmotive

bring about some change
in the future, whether or not these are verbally
Hypothesis suggestions, etc
Minor as commands,
formulated
Subordinate verbs E.g.: The are demanding that she leave.
 14/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

Major Factual
That- clause

That- clause as object

E.g.: I regret that we didn’t come.
Suasive
Super-ordinate verbs
Emotive

Minor Hypothesis

Subordinate verbs
 15/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

Major Factual
That- clause

That- clause as object

Suasive
Super-ordinate verbs
Emotive
E.g.: I wish that he were here.

Minor Hypothesis

Subordinate verbs
 16/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause

That- clause as object

Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs

Putative “should”

Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
 17/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause

That- clause as object

Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs
E.g.: She admitted that she was wrong.

Putative “should”

Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
 18/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause

That- clause as object

Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs

Putative “should”

E.g.: I insist that he shouldn’t smoke.

Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
 19/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause

That- clause as object

Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs

Putative “should”

E.g.: I require that he give up smoking.

Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
 20/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause

To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause

Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause

 21/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause

To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause

E.g.: Iclause
Ing-participle don’t like the house to be leftclause
Ing-participle empty.
 22/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause

To-infinitive clause
E.g.: I dislike To-infinitive
him driving my car. clause

Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause

 23/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause

To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause

Ing-participle
E.g.: Maryclause
longed to leaveIng-participle
home. clause
 24/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause

E.g.:
To-infinitive Mary loves listening
clause to music.
To-infinitive clause

Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause

 25/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause

To-infinitive clauseE.g.: He learned how toclause

To-infinitive sail a boat as a small child.
You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.
Ing-participle clause I couldIng-participle
not decide (on)
clausewhich bicycle to buy.
 1/5

5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

Od & Oi = NP

Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause

Oi = NP, Od = finite clause

Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep

Di-transitive prepositional verbs

 2/5

5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

Od & Oi = NP

Oi = NP, Od = non-finite
E.g.: Heclause
gave the girl a doll.

Oi = NP, Od = finite clause

Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep

Di-transitive prepositional verbs

 3/5

5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

Od & Oi = NP

Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause

Oi = NP,E.g.:
Od =He persuaded
finite clause me to give up smoking.

Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep

Di-transitive prepositional verbs

 4/5

5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

Od & Oi = NP

Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause

Oi = NP, Od = finite clause

E.g.: He convinced me that he was right.

Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep

Di-transitive prepositional verbs

 5/5

5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

• verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions

Od & Oi = NP
 two passive forms of the sentence
• these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take
Oi account
= NP, Odof,
= non-finite
give wayclause
to, etc.
E.g.: They make best use of the garage.
The
Oi = NP, Odgarage
= finiteisclause
made best use of.
Best use is made of the garage.

Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep

Di-transitive prepositional verbs

 6/5

5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

• Od introduced by a preposition
Od & Oi = NP
• one passive form with Oi only
• these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to,
Oi rob of,Od
= NP, refer to, etc. clause
= non-finite
E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement.
I am reminded of the agreement.
Oi = NP, Od = finite clause
• Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc.
E.g.: He explained it to me.
It was explained
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP to me.
+ Prep
I was explained about it.
Di-transitive prepositional verbs
 1/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials

To-infinitive

Bare-infinitive

Ing-clause

Ed-clause
 2/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co
E.g.: He drives me crazy.
Adverbials

To-infinitive

Bare-infinitive

Ing-clause

Ed-clause
 3/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials
E.g.: The Queen appointed William her personal secretary.
To-infinitive

Bare-infinitive

Ing-clause

Ed-clause
 4/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials

To-infinitive
• Adverbials are obligatory.
Bare-infinitive
E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket.
Ing-clause

Ed-clause
 5/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials

To-infinitive

Bare-infinitive
E.g.: John believed the stranger to be a policeman.
Ing-clause

Ed-clause
 6/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials

To-infinitive

Bare-infinitive

Ing-clause
E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans.
Ed-clause
 7/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials

To-infinitive
E.g.: Tim watched Bill mending the lamp.
Bare-infinitive

Ing-clause

Ed-clause
 8/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials

To-infinitive

Bare-infinitive
E.g.: They found him worn out by travel and exertion.
Ing-clause

Ed-clause
ed-clause
Thanks for your attention!