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Central of Tendency: Febiola Genesis Lee Khovtsheva Getsemanita Yanita Silitonga

This document discusses various measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It also discusses quartiles, deciles, and percentiles which divide a data set into quarters, tenths, and hundredths respectively to categorize the data. The appropriate measure depends on whether the data is nominal, ordinal, or interval/ratio and whether it is skewed. Resources for further information on these statistical concepts are also provided.

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37 views15 pages

Central of Tendency: Febiola Genesis Lee Khovtsheva Getsemanita Yanita Silitonga

This document discusses various measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It also discusses quartiles, deciles, and percentiles which divide a data set into quarters, tenths, and hundredths respectively to categorize the data. The appropriate measure depends on whether the data is nominal, ordinal, or interval/ratio and whether it is skewed. Resources for further information on these statistical concepts are also provided.

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CENTRAL OF TENDENCY

Febiola Genesis
Lee Khovtsheva Getsemanita
Yanita Silitonga

September 18, 2019


A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe
a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of data. As
such, measures of central tendency are sometimes called measures of
central location. They are also classed as summary statistics. The mean
(often called the average) is most likely the measure of central tendency
that you are most familiar with, but there are others, such as the median
and the mode.
MEAN
■ The mean (or average) is the most popular and well known measure of central
tendency. It can be used with both discrete and continuous data, although its use is
most often with continuous data (see our Types of Variable guide for data types).
The mean is equal to the sum of all the values in the data set divided by the number
of values in the data set. So, if we have n values in a data set and they have values
x1, x2, ..., xn, the sample mean, usually denoted by (pronounced x bar), is:

■ This formula is usually written in a slightly different manner using the Greek capitol
letter, , pronounced "sigma", which means "sum of...":
MEDIAN
THE MEDIAN IS THE MIDDLE SCORE FOR A SET OF DATA THAT HAS BEEN ARRANGED IN
ORDER OF MAGNITUDE. THE MEDIAN IS LESS AFFECTED BY OUTLIERS AND SKEWED DATA. IN
ORDER TO CALCULATE THE MEDIAN, SUPPOSE WE HAVE THE DATA BELOW:

65 55 89 56 35 14 56 55 87 45 92
WE FIRST NEED TO REARRANGE THAT DATA INTO ORDER OF MAGNITUDE (SMALLEST FIRST):

14 35 45 55 55 56 56 65 87 89 92
OUR MEDIAN MARK IS THE MIDDLE MARK - IN THIS CASE, 56 (HIGHLIGHTED IN BOLD). IT IS THE MIDDLE
MARK BECAUSE THERE ARE 5 SCORES BEFORE IT AND 5 SCORES AFTER IT. THIS WORKS FINE WHEN YOU
HAVE AN ODD NUMBER OF SCORES, BUT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU HAVE AN EVEN NUMBER OF SCORES?
WHAT IF YOU HAD ONLY 10 SCORES? WELL, YOU SIMPLY HAVE TO TAKE THE MIDDLE TWO SCORES AND
AVERAGE THE RESULT. SO, IF WE LOOK AT THE EXAMPLE BELOW:

65 55 89 56 35 14 56 55 87 45
WE AGAIN REARRANGE THAT DATA INTO ORDER OF MAGNITUDE (SMALLEST FIRST):

14 35 45 55 55 56 56 65 87 89
ONLY NOW WE HAVE TO TAKE THE 5TH AND 6TH SCORE IN OUR DATA SET AND AVERAGE THEM TO GET A
MEDIAN OF 55.5.
MODE
The mode is the most frequent score in our data set. On a histogram it represents the
highest bar in a bar chart or histogram. You can, therefore, sometimes consider the
mode as being the most popular option. An example of a mode is presented below:
Normally, the mode is used for categorical data where we wish to know which is the most
common category, as illustrated below:
WE CAN SEE ABOVE THAT THE MOST COMMON FORM OF TRANSPORT, IN THIS PARTICULAR DATA SET, IS THE
BUS. HOWEVER, ONE OF THE PROBLEMS WITH THE MODE IS THAT IT IS NOT UNIQUE, SO IT LEAVES US WITH
PROBLEMS WHEN WE HAVE TWO OR MORE VALUES THAT SHARE THE HIGHEST FREQUENCY, SUCH AS
BELOW:
SUMMARY OF WHEN TO USE THE MEAN,
MEDIAN AND MODE

Type of Variable Best measure of central tendency

Nominal Mode
Ordinal Median

Interval/Ratio (not skewed) Mean

Interval/Ratio (skewed) Median


QUARTILES
A quartile is a type of quantile. The first quartile (Q1) is defined as the middle
number between the smallest number and the median of the data set. ... The
third quartile (Q3) is the middle value between the median and the highest value of the
data set.
Quartiles in statistics are values that divide your data into quarters. However, quartiles
aren’t shaped like pizza slices; Instead they divide your data into four segments
according to where the numbers fall on the number line. The four quarters that divide a
data set into quartiles are:
- The lowest 25% of numbers.
- The next lowest 25% of numbers (up to the median).
- The second highest 25% of numbers (above the median).
- The highest 25% of numbers.
Example:
Divide the following data set into quartiles: 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 22, 13, 14, 16, 65, 45, 12.
Step 1: Put the numbers in order: 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12 13, 14, 16, 22, 45, 65.
Step 2: Count how many numbers there are in your set and then divide by 4 to cut the
list of numbers into quarters. There are 12 numbers in this set, so you would have 3
numbers in each quartile.
2, 5, 6, | 7, 10, 12 | 13, 14, 16, | 22, 45, 65
If you have an uneven set of numbers, it’s OK to slice a number down the middle.
This can get a little tricky (imagine trying to divide 10, 13, 17, 19, 21 into quarters!), so
you may want to use an online interquartile range calculator to figure those quartiles
out for you. The calculator gives you the 25th Percentile, which is the end of the first
quartile, the 50th Percentile which is the end of the second quartile (or the median) and
the 75th Percentile, which is the end of the third quartile. For 10, 13, 17, 19 and 21 the
results are:
25th Percentile: 11.5
50th Percentile: 17
75th Percentile: 20
Interquartile Range: 8.5.
DECILES

Decile rankings are just another way to categorize data. Which system you use is usually
a judgment call. For example, if you wanted to display class rankings on a pie chart,
using deciles would make more sense that percentiles. That’s because a pie chart with
10-categories would be much easier to read than a pie chart with 99 categories.
IN A SIMILAR WAY, THE DECILES OF A DISTRIBUTION ARE THE NINE VALUES THAT SPLIT THE DATA
SET INTO TEN EQUAL PARTS.

YOU SHOULD NOT TRY TO CALCULATE DECILES FROM SMALL DATA SETS -- A SINGLE CLASS OF
MARKS IS TOO SMALL TO GET USEFUL VALUES SINCE THE EXTREME DECILES ARE VERY
VARIABLE. HOWEVER THE DECILES CAN BE USEFUL DESCRIPTIONS FOR LARGER DATA SETS
SUCH AS NATIONAL DISTRIBUTIONS FOR MARKS FROM STANDARD TESTS.
PERCENTILES

In a similar way, the percentiles of a distribution are the 99 values that split the data set
into a hundred equal parts. These percentiles can be used to categorise the individuals
into percentile 1, ..., percentile 100. A very large data set is required before the extreme
percentiles can be estimated with any accuracy. (The 'random' variability in marks is
especially noticeable in the extremes of a data set.)
RESOURCES
- https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-
guides/measures-central-tendency-
mean-mode-median.php

- https://www.statisticshowto.datascienc
ecentral.com/what-are-quartiles/

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