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The Enlightenment in Europe

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe in the 1700s that emphasized reason, science, and individualism over religious and monarchical authority. Philosophes like Voltaire and Montesquieu advocated using reason to critically examine traditions and institutions. They believed this could help progress toward more just, egalitarian, and democratic societies governed by the consent of the people rather than by divine right. The Enlightenment had lasting impacts including the American and French Revolutions and the development of Western democracy.

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178 views6 pages

The Enlightenment in Europe

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe in the 1700s that emphasized reason, science, and individualism over religious and monarchical authority. Philosophes like Voltaire and Montesquieu advocated using reason to critically examine traditions and institutions. They believed this could help progress toward more just, egalitarian, and democratic societies governed by the consent of the people rather than by divine right. The Enlightenment had lasting impacts including the American and French Revolutions and the development of Western democracy.

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN

EUROPE
6.2: EQ – How did differing views on society affect the development of
democracy and civilization in Europe and the world?
Understanding the Title
 Definition: Enlightenment
 To be enlightened:
 Having or showing a rational, modern,
and well-informed outlook
 Period in Europe (~1700)
 Intellectual movement
 Stressed reason, thought, power of
individuals to solve problems
 “Age of Reason”
Connection to Scientific Revolution
 Reformation
 Challenge to religious world
 Scientific Revolution
 Challenge to the physical world
 Before: Greeks/ Romans, or God/Church =
authority
 After: Logic (scientific method) = authority
 New theories, new inventions
 Impact:
 New ways of thinking
 Reevaluate old notions about other aspects of society
 government, religion, economics, and education
2 Views on Government (~1600)
Hobbes (Pessimist) Locke (Optimist)
People = good
Leviathan (1651)

  Reasonable beings
 Horrorsof English Civil  Naturally able to govern and look after society

War → ↓ views on people  Natural rights


 “Inalienable”
 Humans = wicked,  Born free and equal

government = order  Life, Liberty, and…


 Property
 Social contract  Agreement of government
 Government has rights,  Gov’t represents people (people consent)

people do not 


If not, overthrow it
→ modern democracies, revolutions
Philosophes Advocate Reason
 Philosophe
 Beccaria
 Social critic  Laws = social order, not Avengers
 Popular philosophes  Wollstonecraft
 Voltaire  Women = men, education →
 Fight against intolerance → exile useful, women → men’s fields
 Montesquieu  5 beliefs
 Separation of powers (→checks
and balances)  Reason, nature, happiness,
 Rousseau progress, liberty
 People should be free,
government should not limit them
Legacy of Enlightenment
 Impacts  Before: mysteries of universe = God’s
doing
 → revolutions
 After: math can solve it
 → western democracy
 people can solve it
 Belief in progress
 Individualism
 end of slavery
 Pre-Renaissance: God/church matters
 greater social equality
 Post-Reformation: Monarchs matter
 democratic style of government
 Enlightenment: people matter
 Secular outlook
 Definition: secular
 Non-religious

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