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9.2 Quantum Theory and The Atom

The document discusses the Bohr and quantum mechanical models of the atom. It explains that Bohr's model predicted the emission spectrum of hydrogen but failed for other elements. The quantum mechanical model replaced Bohr orbits with orbitals representing the probability of an electron's location. Orbitals are specified by principal quantum numbers and letters for different energy sublevels (s, p, d, f). This model agrees with experiments for all elements.

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139 views31 pages

9.2 Quantum Theory and The Atom

The document discusses the Bohr and quantum mechanical models of the atom. It explains that Bohr's model predicted the emission spectrum of hydrogen but failed for other elements. The quantum mechanical model replaced Bohr orbits with orbitals representing the probability of an electron's location. Orbitals are specified by principal quantum numbers and letters for different energy sublevels (s, p, d, f). This model agrees with experiments for all elements.

Uploaded by

afifatul fitri khoirumiyah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Section 2: Quantum

Theory and the Atom


Chapter 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
Learning Goals
• Compare the Bohr and quantum mechanical
models of the atom.
• Explain the impact of de Broglie’s wave particle
duality and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
on the current view of electrons in atoms.
• Identify the relationships among a hydrogen
atom’s energy levels, sublevels, and atomic
orbitals.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
• Einstein’s theory of light’s dual nature
accounted for several unexplainable
phenomena, but it did not explain why
atomic emission spectra of elements
were discontinuous.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
• In 1913, Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist
working in Rutherford’s laboratory,
proposed a quantum model for the
hydrogen atom that seemed to answer this
question.
– This model correctly predicted the frequency
lines in hydrogen’s atomic emission spectrum.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
• The lowest allowable energy state of an
atom is called its ground state.
• When an atom gains energy, it is in an
excited state.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
• Bohr suggested that an electron moves
around the nucleus only in certain allowed
circular orbits.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
• Each orbit was given a number,
called the quantum number.
– Bohr orbits are like steps of a
ladder, each at a specific distance
from the nucleus and each at a
specific energy.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
• Hydrogen’s single electron is in the n
= 1 orbit when it is in the ground
state.
– When energy is added, the electron
moves to the n = 2 orbit.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
• The electron releases energy as it falls
back towards the ground state.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
• Bohr’s model explained the hydrogen’s
spectral lines, but failed to explain any
other element’s lines.
• For this and other reasons, the Bohr
model was replaced with a more
sophisticated model called the quantum-
mechanical or wave-mechanical model.
Quantum Mechanical Model
• Louis de Broglie (1892–1987)
hypothesized that particles, including
electrons, could also have wavelike
behaviors.
– Electrons do not behave like particles flying
through space.
• We cannot, in general, describe their exact paths.
Quantum Mechanical Model
• Heisenberg showed it is impossible to take
any measurement of an object without
disturbing it.
• The Heisenberg uncertainty principle
states that it is fundamentally impossible to
know precisely both the velocity and position
of a particle at the same time.
Quantum Mechanical Model
• The only quantity that can be known is the
probability for an electron to occupy a
certain region around the nucleus.
Quantum Mechanical Model
• Schrödinger treated electrons as waves in
a model called the quantum mechanical
model of the atom.
– Schrödinger’s equation applied equally well to
elements other than hydrogen (unlike Bohr’s
model).
Quantum Mechanical Model
• The quantum mechanical model makes no
attempt to predict the path of an electron
around the nucleus.
– Bohr orbits were replaced with quantum-
mechanical orbitals.
Quantum Mechanical Model
• Orbitals are different from orbits in
that they represent probability maps
that show a statistical distribution of
where the electron is likely to be
found.
Quantum Mechanical Model
• In the quantum-mechanical model, a
number and a letter specify an orbital.
– The lowest-energy orbital is called the 1s
orbital.
• It is specified by the number 1 and the letter s.
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• The number is called the Principal
quantum number (n) and it indicates the
relative size and energy of atomic orbitals.
– n specifies the atom’s major energy levels,
called the principal energy levels.
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• Energy sublevels are contained within
the principal energy levels.
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• Each energy sublevel relates to orbitals of
different shape.

s, p, d, f

s, p, d
s, p
s
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• s sublevel:
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• p sublevel:
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• d sublevel:
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• f sublevel:
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• Orbitals are sometimes represented by dots,
where the dot density is proportional to the
probability of finding the electron.
• The dot density for the 1s orbital is greatest near
the nucleus and decreases farther away from the
nucleus.
• The electron is more likely to be found close to the
nucleus than far away from it.
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• At any given time, hydrogen’s electron can
occupy just one orbital.
– When hydrogen is in the ground state, the
electron occupies the 1s orbital.
– When the atom gains a quantum of energy,
the electron is excited to one of the
unoccupied orbitals.

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