ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher (MR. ZAHEER ABBAS) as
well as our principal (MR. VINOD K BHATT)who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic (CRICKET), which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i
came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.
 CRICKET
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between
two teams of eleven players on a field at the
centre of which is a 20-metre (22-
yard) pitch with a wicket at each end, each
comprising two bails balanced on three stumps.
The batting side scores runs by striking
the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat, while
the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this
and dismiss each player (so they are "out").
Means of dismissal include being bowled, when
the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails,
and by the fielding side catching the ball after it
is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground.
When ten players have been dismissed,
the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The
game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by
a third umpire and match referee in
international matches. They communicate with
two off-field scorers who record the
match's statistical information. There are
various formats ranging from Twenty20, played
over a few hours with each team batting for a
single innings of 20 overs, to test match, played
 over five days with unlimited overs and the
teams each batting for two innings of unlimited
length. Traditionally cricketers play in all-
white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear
club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit,
some players wear protective gear to prevent
injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid
spheroid made of compressed leather with a
slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core
which is layered with tightly wound string.
Historically, cricket's origins are uncertain and
the earliest definite reference is in south-east
England in the middle of the 16th century. It
spread globally with the expansion of the British
Empire, leading to the first international matches
in the second half of the 19th century. The
game's governing body is the International
Cricket Council (ICC), which has over 100
members, twelve of which are full members who
play Test matches. The game's rules are held in a
code called the Laws of Cricket which is owned
and maintained by Marylebone Cricket
Club (MCC) in London. The sport is followed
primarily in the Indian subcontinent, Australasia,
the United Kingdom, Ireland, south africa and
 the West Indies, its globalisation occurring
during the expansion of the British Empire and
remaining popular into the 21st
century. Women's cricket, which is organised
and played separately, has also achieved
international standard. The most successful
side playing international cricket is Australia,
having won seven One Day
International trophies, including five World
Cups, more than any other country, and having
been the top-rated Test sidemore than any
other country.
 LAWS AND GAMEPLAY
PLAYING AREA
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played on
a cricket field (see image, right) between two
teams of eleven players each.[58] The field is
usually circular or oval in shape and the edge of
the playing area is marked by a boundary,
which may be a fence, part of the stands, a
rope, a painted line or a combination of these;
the boundary must if possible be marked along
its entire length.
In the approximate centre of the field is a
rectangular pitch (see image, below) on which a
wooden target called a wicket is sited at each
end; the wickets are placed 22 yards (20 m)
apart.[60] The pitch is a flat surface 3 metres
(9.8 ft) wide, with very short grass that tends to
be worn away as the game progresses (cricket
can also be played on artificial surfaces, notably
matting). Each wicket is made of three
wooden stumps topped by two bails.
 BAT AND BALL
The essence of the sport is that
a bowler delivers (i.e., bowls) the ball from his
end of the pitch towards the batsman who,
armed with a bat is "on strike" at the other end
(see next sub-section: Basic gameplay).
The bat is made of wood, usually salix
alba (white willow), and has the shape of a
blade topped by a cylindrical handle. The blade
must not be more than four and one quarter
inches (108 mm) wide and the total length of
the bat not more than 38 inches (965 mm).
There is no standard for the weight which is
usually between 2 lb 7 oz and 3 lb (1.1 and
1.4 kg)
The ball is a hard leather-seamed spheroid, with
a circumference of 22.9 centimetres (9.0 in).
The ball has a "seam": six rows of stitches
attaching the leather shell of the ball to the
string and cork interior. The seam on a new ball
is prominent, and helps the bowler propel it in a
less predictable manner. During matches, the
quality of the ball deteriorates to a point where
it is no longer usable, and during the course of
 this deterioration its behaviour in flight will
change and can influence the outcome of the
match. Players will therefore attempt to modify
the ball's behaviour by modifying its physical
properties. Polishing the ball and wetting it
with sweat or saliva is legal, even when the
polishing is deliberately done on one side only
to increase the ball's swing through the air, but
the acts of rubbing other substances into the
ball, scratching the surface or picking at the
seam is illegal ball tampering.
 FIELDING
Of the eleven fielders, three are in shot in the
image above. The other eight are elsewhere on
the field, their positions determined on a
tactical basis by the captain or the bowler.
Fielders often change position between
deliveries, again as directed by the captain or
bowler.
If a fielder is injured or becomes ill during a
match, a substitute is allowed to field instead of
him, but the substitute cannot bowl or act as a
captain. The substitute leaves the field when
the injured player is fit to return. The Laws of
Cricket were updated in 2017 to allow
substitutes to act as wicket-keepers,a situation
that first occurred when Mumbai Indians'
wicket-keeper Ishan Kishan was injured in a
match on 18 April 2018.
CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
The wicket-keeper and the batsmen wear
protective gear because of the hardness of the
ball, which can be delivered at speeds of more
than 145 kilometres per hour (90 mph) and
presents a major health and safety concern.
Protective clothing includes pads (designed to
protect the knees and shins), batting
gloves or wicket-keeper's gloves for the hands,
a safety helmet for the head and a box inside the
trousers (to protect the crotcharea).[79] Some
batsmen wear additional padding inside their
shirts and trousers such as thigh pads, arm pads,
rib protectors and shoulder pads. The only
fielders allowed to wear protective gear are
those in positions very close to the batsman (i.e.,
if they are alongside or in front of him), but they
cannot wear gloves or external leg guards.
Subject to certain variations, on-field clothing
generally includes a collared shirt with short or
long sleeves; long trousers; woollen pullover (if
needed); cricket cap (for fielding) or a safety
helmet; and spiked shoes or boots to increase
traction. The kit is traditionally all white.
 INNINGS
The innings (ending with 's' in both singular and
plural form) is the term used for each phase of
play during a match. Depending on the type of
match being played, each team has either one
or two innings. Sometimes all eleven members
of the batting side take a turn to bat but, for
various reasons, an innings can end before they
have all done so. The innings terminates if the
batting team is "all out", a term defined by the
Laws: "at the fall of a wicket or the retirement
of a batsman, further balls remain to be bowled
but no further batsman is available to come
in". In this situation, one of the batsman has
not been dismissed and is termed not out; this
is because he has no partners left and there
must always be two active batsmen while the
innings is in progress.
 OVERS
The Laws state that, throughout an innings,
"the ball shall be bowled from each end
alternately in overs of 6 balls".[ The name
"over" came about because the umpire calls
"Over!" when six balls have been bowled. At
this point, another bowler is deployed at the
other end, and the fielding side changes ends
while the batsmen do not. A bowler cannot
bowl two successive overs, although a bowler
can (and usually does) bowl alternate overs,
from the same end, for several overs which are
termed a "spell". The batsmen do not change
ends at the end of the over, and so the one
who was non-striker is now the striker
and vice-versa. The umpires also change
positions so that the one who was at "square
leg" now stands behind the wicket at the non-
striker's end and vice-versa.
 SPIRIT OF THE GAME
Besides observing the Laws, cricketers must
respect the "Spirit of Cricket," which is the
"Preamble to the Laws," first published in the
2000 code, and updated in 2017, and now opens
with this statement:
"Cricket owes much of its appeal and
enjoyment to the fact that it should be
played not only according to the Laws, but
alsoPreamble
The within the
is aSpirit of Cricket".
short statement that
emphasises the "Positive behaviours that make
cricket an exciting game that encourages
leadership,friendship and teamwork.
The major responsibility for ensuring fair play is
placed firmly on the captains, but extends to all
players, umpires, teachers, coaches and parents
involved.
The umpires are the sole judges of fair and
unfair play. They are required under the Laws to
intervene in case of dangerous or unfair play or
in cases of unacceptable conduct by a player.
 WOMEN’S CRICKET
Women's cricket was first recorded in Surrey in
1745.] International development began at the
start of the 20th century and the first Test Match
was played between Australia and England in
December 1934. The following year, New Zealand
women joined them, and in 2007 Netherlands
women became the tenth women's Test nation
when they made their debut against South Africa
women. In 1958, the International Women's
Cricket Council was founded (it merged with the
ICC in 2005). In 1973, the first Cricket World Cup
of any kind took place when a Women's World
Cup was held in England.[110] In 2005,
the International Women's Cricket Council was
merged with the International Cricket Council
(ICC) to form one unified body to help manage
and develop cricket. The ICC Women's Rankings
were launched on 1 October 2015 covering all
three formats of women's cricket. In October
2018 following the ICC's decision to award T20
International status to all members, the Women's
rankings were split into separate ODI (for Full
Members) and T20I lists.
 GOVERNANCE
The International Cricket Council (ICC), which has
its headquarters in Dubai, is the global governing
body of cricket. It was founded as the Imperial
Cricket Conference in 1909 by representatives
from England, Australia and South Africa,
renamed the International Cricket Conference in
1965, and took up its current name in 1989.The
ICC in 2017 has 105 member nations, twelve of
which hold full membership and can play Test
cricket. The ICC is responsible for the organisation
and governance of cricket's major international
tournaments, notably the men's and women's
versions of the Cricket World Cup. It also appoints
the umpires and referees that officiate at all
sanctioned Test matches, Limited Overs
Internationals and Twenty20 International.Each
member nation has a national cricket board which
regulates cricket matches played in its country,
selects the national squad, and organises home
and away tours for the national team.In the West
Indies, which for cricket purposes is a federation
of nations, these matters are addressed by Cricket
West Indies.