Third Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

1 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf

Lecture Notes:
Introduction –
Concept of Stress
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECCANICA DEI MATERIALI 3/ed Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Contents

Concept of Stress Bearing Stress in Connections

Review of Statics Stress Analysis & Design Example
Structure Free-Body Diagram Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
Component Free-Body Diagram Pin Shearing Stresses
Method of Joints Pin Bearing Stresses
Stress Analysis Stress in Two Force Members
Design Stress on an Oblique Plane
Axial Loading: Normal Stress Maximum Stresses
Centric & Eccentric Loading Stress Under General Loadings
Shearing Stress State of Stress
Shearing Stress Examples Factor of Safety

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MECCANICA DEI MATERIALI 3/ed Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Concept of Stress

• The main objective of the study of mechanics

of materials is to provide the future engineer
with the means of analyzing and designing
various machines and load bearing structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given

structure involve the determination of stresses
and deformations. This chapter is devoted to
the concept of stress.

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MECCANICA DEI MATERIALI 3/ed Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Review of Statics

• The structure is designed to

support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
• Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports

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MECCANICA DEI MATERIALI 3/ed Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Structure Free-Body Diagram

• Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are
indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
 M C  0  Ax  0.6 m    30 kN  0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations

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MECCANICA DEI MATERIALI 3/ed Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Component Free-Body Diagram

• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B  0   Ay  0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN

• Results:
A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 

Reaction forces are directed along boom

and rod

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MECCANICA DEI MATERIALI 3/ed Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Method of Joints
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends

• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to

to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

 B 0
F
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN

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MECCANICA DEI MATERIALI 3/ed Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50  103 N
 BC    159 MPa
A 314  10-6 m 2

• From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
 all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate

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MECCANICA DEI MATERIALI 3/ed Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all= 100 MPa) What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50  103 N
 all  A   500 10 6 m 2
A  all 100  106 Pa
d2
A
4

d
4A


4 500  10 6 m 2 
 2.52  10 2 m  25.2 mm
 

• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is

adequate
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MECCANICA DEI MATERIALI 3/ed Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Axial Loading: Normal Stress

• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, srl 1 - 10