CLADDING

Cladding is defined as a protective covering that protects the outside

of a building. Cladding adds to the external design quality of a
structure, thus adding value to the project. Cladding also pertains to
the building envelope as a skin to the building that covers it and
protects it from harsh external environment, including weather and
the sun. It is any non-load bearing system of boards, prefabricated
components, stone, brick, sheeting etc. attached to a building frame as
weatherproofing or as an exterior or interior finish.
 CLADDING
Cladding is a non-loadbearing skin or layer attached to the outside of a
home to shed water and protect the building from the effects of
weather. It is a key element in the aesthetic appeal of the home and
directly influences both building cost and property value. Your choice
of cladding has a significant effect on the environmental performance
of your home.

Cladding is the application of one material over another to provide skin

or layer intended to control the infiltration of weather elements, or for
aesthetic purpose. Cladding does not necessarily have to provide
a waterproof condition but is instead a control element. This control
element may only serve to safely direct water or wind in order to
control run-off and prevent infiltration into the building structure.
 CLADDING
The primary roles of cladding are to control the infiltration of weather
elements and the egress of water vapour while providing a durable,
aesthetically pleasing appearance. Secondary roles can include sound
and thermal insulation, fire resistance, and the capacity for cleaning
in dusty, polluted or vandal prone environments.

Your choice of cladding should be based on a careful assessment and

prirotization of each of these roles for each orientation of your home.
By choosing cladding materials specific to an elevation or exposure,
you can often achieve the best in physical performance and aesthetics.
 FACING
An outer layer or coating applied to a surface for protection or
decoration. Can be an ornamental coating to a building. It can
be functional as well as aesthetic.

Materials - Stone, bricks, tiles, metal, terra cota, plaster, ACP etc.

WALLING
Materials – Gypsum, Stone, ICF ( Insulated Concrete Forms), Glass,
FRP ( fibre reinforced plastic ), ACP, Stainless steel etc.
 INFILLS
INFILLS – Infill walling is the generic name given to a panel that is built in
between the floors of the primary structural frame of a building and
provides support for the cladding system. They are large panels that are
inserted into the curtain wall between the mullions. Infill walls are
considered to be non-load bearing, but they resist wind loads applied to
the facade and also support their own weight and that of
the cladding. Light steel walls using C-Sections are increasingly used
as infill walling within both steel and concrete framed buildings, and have
largely replaced masonry or timber alternatives.

Infill walls are generally installed on site as individual elements that are
pre-cut to length but they can be pre-fabricated as large panels with
the cladding already attached.

MATERIALS – ACP, Glass, Copper wall cladding, Stainless Steel, terracotta

(high quality, FRP ( fibre reinforced plastic )
INFILLS
 CLADDING
Types of Cladding
• Stone cladding
• Brick cladding
• Timber cladding
• Plastic cladding
• Tile cladding
• Plastering cladding
• Metal cladding
• Structural glazing
• Cladding with ACP
• Cladding using GLASS
 CLADDING
Cladding Materials used in tile form

• Ceramic tiles
• Marble
• Granite
• Vitrified tiles
• Slates
• High quality terra cotta tiles
• Stone tiles
• Acoustic tiles ( interiors)
• Glass tiles
• FRP ( fibre reinforced plastic) tiles, etc.
• Timber tiles
• Shingle tiles
 GLASS
BRIEF HISTORY
 GLASS

Until the 16th century, window glass or flat glass was generally cut from large
discs (or rondels) of crown glass.
 GLASS
1832, Plate glass
by James Hartley, working for the firm Chance Brothers. In 1832, Chance Brothers
became the first company to adopt the cylinder method to produce sheet glass with the
expertise of Georges Bontemps, a famous French glassmaker.[n 4] The glass was taken
from the furnace in large iron ladles and thrown upon a cast-iron bed of a rolling-table,
where it is rolled into a sheet with an iron roller. The sheet, still soft, was pushed into
the open mouth of an annealing tunnel or temperature-controlled oven called a lehr,
down which it was carried by a system of rollers.[40] Hartley introduced the Rolled Plate
method in 1847. This allowed a ribbed finish and was often used for extensive glass
roofs

CRYSTAL PALACE Sir Joseph Paxton , 1851

 GLASS

Float glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of

molten metal, typically tin. This method gives the sheet uniform thickness
and very flat surfaces. Modern windows are made from float glass.

The float glass process is also known as the Pilkington process, named after
the British glass manufacturer Pilkington, which pioneered the technique
(invented by Sir Alastair Pilkington) in the 1950s.
 GLASS

Glass in buildings: characteristics and functions

Thermal insulation
Solar control
Safety and security
Fire resistance
Noise control
Decorative: interior design
Self cleaning glass
 GLASS
Types of Glass mainly used in construction.

1) Laminated Glass
2) Toughened Glass SAFETY AND FUCTIONAL GLASS
3) Float Glass
4) Mirrors
5) Etched Glass
6) Stained Glass DECORATIVE GLASS
7) Fusion Glass
8) Beveled Glass, etc.
 GLASS
Types of Glass mainly used in construction
Float glass
Annealed glass
Toughened glass
Laminated Glass
Coated glass
Mirrored glass
Patterned glass
Clear glass
 GLASS

Float glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of

molten metal, typically tin. This method gives the sheet uniform thickness
and very flat surfaces. Modern windows are made from float glass.

The float glass process is also known as the Pilkington process, named after
the British glass manufacturer Pilkington, which pioneered the technique
(invented by Sir Alastair Pilkington) in the 1950s.
 GLASS
Annealed glass

Anneal = heat (metal or glass) and allow it to cool slowly, in order

to remove internal stresses and toughen it.

The process may be carried out in a temperature-

controlled kiln known as alehr.[1] Glass which has not been annealed
is liable to crack or shatter when subjected to a relatively small
temperature change or mechanical shock. Annealing glass is critical
to its durability.

Annealed glass is the basic flat glass product that is the first result of
the float process. It is common glass that tends to break into large,
jagged shards. It is used in some end products and often in double-
glazed windows. It is also the starting material used to produce
more advanced products through further processing such as
laminating, toughening, coating, etc.
 GLASS
Toughened glass
Toughened glass is treated to be far more resistant to breakage than simple annealed
glass and to break in a more predictable way when it does break, thus providing a major
safety advantage in almost all of its applications.
Toughened glass is made from annealed glass treated with a thermal tempering
process. A sheet of annealed glass is heated to above its "annealing point" of 600°C; its
surfaces are then rapidly cooled while the inner portion of the glass remains hotter. The
different cooling rates between the surface and the inside of the glass produces
different physical properties, resulting in compressive stresses in the surface balanced
by tensile stresses in the body of the glass.
These counteracting stresses give toughened glass its increased mechanical resistance
to breakage, and are also, when it does break, what cause it to produce small, regular,
typically square fragments rather than long, dangerous shards that are far more likely to
lead to injuries. Toughened glass also has an increased resistance to breakage as a result
of stresses caused by different temperatures within a pane.
Toughened glass has extremely broad applications in products for both buildings and,
automobiles and transport, as well as in other areas. Car windshields and windows,
glass portions of building facades, glass sliding doors and partitions in houses and
offices, glass furniture such as table tops, and many other products typically use
toughened glass. Products made from toughened glass often also incorporate other
technologies, especially in the building and automotive and transport sectors.
 GLASS
TOUGHENED GLASS
Toughened or tempered glass is glass that has been processed by
controlled thermal or chemical treatments. It has increased strength
compared with normal glass and will usually shatter into small fragments,
rather than sharp shards, when broken. Tempering puts the outer surfaces
into compression and the inner surfaces into tension. Such stresses cause
the glass, when broken, to crumble into small granular chunks instead of
splintering into jagged shards as plate glass (aka: annealed glass) creates.
Tempered glass is strong, has enhanced thermal resistance, and breaks
into small cuboid fragments rather than irregular shards of glass and
therefore is less likely to cause injury.
Laminated glass

Laminated glass is made of two or more layers of glass with one or more "interlayers"
of polymeric material bonded between the glass layers.
Laminated glass is produced using one of two methods:
Poly Vinyl Butyral (PVB) laminated glass is produced using heat and pressure to
sandwich a thin layer of PVB between layers of glass.

On occasion, other polymers such as Ethyl Vinyl Acetate (EVA) or Polyurethane (PU) are
used. This is the most common method.
For special applications, Cast in Place (CIP) laminated glass is made by pouring a resin
into the space between two sheets of glass that are held parallel and very close to each
other.
Laminated glass offers many advantages. Safety and security are the best known of
these, so rather than shattering on impact, laminated glass is held together by the
interlayer. This reduces the safety hazard associated with shattered glass fragments, as
well as, to some degree, the security risks associated with easy penetration. But the
interlayer also provides a way to apply several other technologies and benefits, such as
colouring, sound dampening, resistance to fire, ultraviolet filtering and other
technologies that can be embedded in or with the interlayer.
Laminated glass is used extensively in building and housing products and in
the automotive and transport industries. Most building facades and most car
windscreens, for example, are made with laminated glass, usually with other
technologies also incorporated.
 GLASS
LAMINATED GLASS
Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when
shattered. In the event of breaking, it is held in place by an interlayer,
typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), between its two or more layers of
glass. The interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when broken,
and its high strength prevents the glass from breaking up into large sharp
pieces. This produces a characteristic "spider web" cracking pattern when
the impact is not enough to completely pierce the glass.
 GLASS
LAMINATED GLASS
Coated

Surface coatings can be applied to glass to modify its appearance

and give it many of the advanced characteristics and functions
available in today's flat glass products, such as low maintenance,
special reflection/transmission/absorption properties, scratch
resistance, corrosion resistance, etc.

Coatings are usually applied by controlled exposure of the glass

surface to vapours, which bind to the glass forming a permanent
coating. The coating process can be applied while the glass is still in
the float line with the glass still warm, producing what is known as
"hard-coated" glass.

Alternatively, in the "off-line" or "vacuum" coating process, the

vapour is applied to the cold glass surface in a vacuum vessel.
Mirrored glass

To produce mirrored glass, a metal coating is applied to one

side of the glass. The coating is generally made of silver,
aluminium, gold or chrome. For simple mirrored glass, a
fully reflective metal coating is applied and then sealed
with a protective layer. To produce "one-way" mirrors, a
much thinner metal coating is used, with no additional
sealing or otherwise opaque layer.
Mirrored glass is gaining a more prominent place in
architecture, for important functional reasons as well as for
the aesthetic effect.
Patterned

Patterned glass is flat glass whose surfaces display a regular

pattern. The most common method for producing patterned glass is
to pass heated glass (usually just after it exits the furnace where it
is made) between rollers whose surfaces contain the negative relief
of the desired pattern(s).
Patterned glass is mostly used in internal decoration and internal
architecture. Today, it is typically used for functional reasons, where
light but not transparency is desired, and the patterns are
accordingly subtle. However, it has also at times been fashionable
as a design feature in itself, in such cases often displaying more
prominent patterns
Extra clear glass

Extra clear glass is not the result of processing of annealed glass, but
instead a specific type of melted glass. Extra clear glass differs from other
types of glass by its basic raw material composition. In particular, this glass
is made with a very low iron content in order to minimise its sun
reflection properties. It therefore lets as much light as possible through
the glass.

It is most particularly of use for solar energy applications where it is

important that the glass cover lets light through to reach the thermal
tubes or photovoltaic cells. Anti-reflective properties can be further
increased by applying a special coating on the low-iron glass. It can also be
used in windows or facades as it offers excellent clarity, which allows
occupants to appreciate true colours and to enjoy unimpaired views.
Beveled glass
Beveled glass is usually made by taking thick glass and creating an
angled surface cut (bevel) around the entire periphery. Bevels act as
prisms in the sunlight creating an interesting color diffraction which
both highlights the glass work and provides a spectrum
of colours which would ordinarily be absent in clear float glass.
Modern beveled glass is machine made.
 GLASS

Thermal insulation
• Thermal insulating glass for windows and facades, also known as
"low-E" (for low-emissivity) glass, usually forms the inner pane of
an insulating glass unit (IGU). A transparent metallic coating reflects
heat back into the room rather than allowing it to escape through
the windows. At the same time, low-E glass allows solar heat to
pass into a building and warm the interior (this is known as "passive
solar heat gain").
• Recent regulations call for the use of energy-efficient products to
cut CO2 emissions and protect the environment. Thermally
insulating double glazing is a way to meet national government
targets and cut domestic fuel bills.
• Thermally insulating glass can be one of several desirable properties
such as maintenance, solar control, noise reduction, decorative
glass and enhanced safety and security.
Solar control
Solar control glass is glass designed to reduce or prevent solar heating of buildings.
There are two approaches that can be used: the glass is either tinted (coloured)
throughout the material (called a "body tint"), or else it has a microscopically thin
and transparent coating on one side.
In the body tint approach, the colour causes the glass to absorb solar energy, which is
then re-radiated back out and away from the building. Coated glasses immediately
reflect the heat away.
These technologies reduce the solar heating that tends to take place in large buildings,
and thus reduce the need for air conditioning. It is therefore an energy-saving
technology.
In dwellings it helps prevent uncomfortable overheating in conservatories and other
rooms with large areas of glazing, and it can also reduce irritating glare from direct
sunlight.
Solar control glass can be combined with many other features for multifunctional
glazing, such as thermal insulation, self cleaning, noise reduction, decorative glass
and enhanced safety and security.
 Safety and security
• To improve its resistance to impact and breakage, glass can be either toughened or
laminated, depending on where and how it is being used.
• Toughened glass offers a distinct safety advantage, not only being less likely to
break but also, when it does break, producing very small fragments that are
relatively harmless.
• Laminated glass can be made so strong that it is practically impossible to break,
making it feasible to use glass wherever desired, even where high security
requirements apply, including bullet-resistant applications. In the case of breakage,
fragments adhere to the flexible "interlayer" between glass layers, reducing the
chance of injuries.
• These features can be combined with other glass functions for additional comfort:
thermal insulation, solar control, acoustic insulation, low-maintenance and
decorative glass
Fire resistance
A range of fire-resistant glass types is available that offers
increasing levels of protection, which is measured in defined time
periods (30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes). Fire-resistant glass must
meet strict levels of integrity and insulation, or integrity only which
are set down by European CE standards. Fire-resistant glass must
always be specified as part of a tested and approved glazing system
and installed by specialists to be sure of reaching expected fire
performance, if required.
 Noise control
Acoustic glass

Acoustically insulating glazing can be a major contributor to

comfort levels in buildings and houses. Its benefits are greatest for
people living or working near busy high streets, urban traffic,
motorways, railway lines and airports, or on a flight path.

The acoustic glass in a double-glazed unit uses a special interlayer

that acts as a dampening core so that sound energy is effectively
blocked from passing from the outside to the inside pane of glass.

Acoustic glass can be combined with many other products for

multifunctional glazing, such as thermal insulation, solar control,
and self cleaning glass.
Self cleaning glass

Self cleaning glass has been coated with a special dual function
layer that harnesses the elements to which windows and facades
are exposed - namely the sun and rain - to break down and wash
away dirt. This first function is photo-catalytic; in other words, it is
activated by light to break down the dirt that collects on it. The
second function is to spread rain water evenly over the glass. Most
glass is hydrophobic (water repellent), causing water to bead into
droplets before it runs off, thus touching only a fraction of the
surface. The hydrophilic self cleaning coating prevents this beading
into droplets, causing water to run across the entire surface,
washing away the components that the dirt has been broken down
into.
Decorative: interior design

Glass can transform living spaces and work environments. A wide

range of effects, patterns and colours allows interior designers
endless possibilities in look and atmosphere. Glass can be
combined with stone, wood or metal for a strong visual and tactile
effect. In offices and other professional settings, glass offers a fresh,
light yet serious aesthetic and has the advantage of being a material
that wears exceptionally well and is impervious to moisture and
most cleaning products.
 DECORATIVE GLASS

The glass used in today's window and facades does more things than many people
perhaps realise. From prime concerns like safety, security, and environmental
protection to convenient functions like self cleaning or practical qualities like scratch
resistance or design aspects, the choices are many and varied.
 GLASS

Forms of glass cladding :

There is a range of glass cladding forms suitable for
both steel framed as well as solid frame buildings.

• Curtain Walling
• Structural Glazing
• Bolted Glazing
• Fin Supported Glazing
• Cable Stayed Glazing
• Suspended Glazing
 ACP

Epcot’s Spaceship
Earth

It is an example of
the use of ACP in
architecture. It is a
geodesic sphere
composed of 11,324
ACP tiles
 ACP
ACPs are frequently used for external cladding or facades of buildings, insulation,
andsignage.[3]
Aluminium sheets can be coated with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fluoropolymer
resins (FEVE), or polyester paint. Aluminium can be painted in any kind of colour, and
ACPs are produced in a wide range of metallic and non-metallic colours as well as
patterns that imitate other materials, such as wood or marble. The core is commonly
low density polyethylene, or a mix of low density polyethylene and mineral material to
exhibit fire retardant properties.[4]

ACP is mainly used for external and internal architectural cladding or partitions, false
ceilings, signage, machine coverings, container construction etc. Applications of ACP are
not limited to external building cladding, but can also be used in any form of cladding
such as partitions, false ceilings etc. ACP is also widely used within the signage industry
as an alternative to heavier, more expensive substrates.
.
ACP has been used as a light-weight but very sturdy material in construction,
particularly for transient structures like trade show booths and similar temporary
elements. It has recently also been adopted as a backing material for mounting fine art
photography, often with an acrylic finish using processes like Diasec or other face-
mounting techniques. ACP material has been used in famous structures as Spaceship
Earth, VanDusen Botanical Garden, the Leipzig branch of the German National Library.[8]

These structures made optimal use of ACP through its cost, durability and efficiency. Its
flexibility, low weight and easy forming and processing allow for innovative design with
increased rigidity and durability.
 ACP

VanDusen Botanical Garden’

Vancouver, Canada

the Leipzig branch of the German National

Library

Aluminium composite panel can be cut, sheared, slotted,

sawed, bent, riveted, bolted, stuck with glue, etc
 ACP
USES AND ADVANTAGES

Industrial and Commercial Buildings, Educational Institutes, Shopping Malls,

Cinema Halls, Hotels, Hospitals, Showrooms, Apartments, Gas Stations, Bus Stands,
Metro Stations, Airports etc.
Covering of Pillars, Beams and Ceiling, Office Partitions, Furniture, Curtain Walls
etc.
Signage ACP
Bill boards, Advertisement Boards, Name Plates, etc. Advantages• Easy and Fast
Installation
• Maintenance Free
• Timeless Appearance
• Superior Machinability
• Color Uniformity
• Eco-friendly
• Recyclable
• Great value of price
Salient Features• Environmental Friendly
• Fire Retardant, Acid/Alkali Resistant
• Sound and Thermal Insulation
• Weather Durability
• Lightweight and Rigid
• Superior Flatness and Easily Bendable
• Corrosion Resistant
 ACP
Analysis of common quality problems

Color changing and discoloration

Color changing and discoloration are mainly caused by wrong choice of the panel.
Aluminium composite panels generally are with two different coatings, one is Polyester
coating and the other is PVDF coating. Two different coatings decided different
application environment. For those aluminium composite panels to be applied for
interior decoration, usually polyester coating is OK. But when those aluminium
composite panels coated with polyester coating are applied for exterior decoration, the
outside tough natural environment will accelerate its aging, cause color changing and
discoloration. When applied for exterior decoration, PVDF coating aluminium
composite panel with the characteristics of anti-aging and ultraviolet resistance is
recommended.

Splitting and peeling

Incorrect choice of adhesive will cause splitting and peeling in application of aluminium
composite panel. When applied for exterior decoration, silicone adhesive is an ideal
choice because of its special advantages. When you buy aluminium composite panels,
the seller maybe will recommend some kind of fast adhesive. This kind of adhesive is
OK to be used inside. But when used outside, splitting and peeling will be caused due to
frequent weather change.
 ACP
Deformation and bulge
When we go around any city, it’s not hard to see some projects, of which
aluminium composite panels are deformed or bulged. These prbolems can be seen
not only in small shop front decoration project, but also in large high building
projects. Before we thought these problems were caused by the quality of
aluminium composite panel itself. However, after analysis, we found that the main
reason lies in the sub-boards which used to stick the aluminium composite panels
and the next reason is the quality of aluminium composite panel itself. The
distributors usually will recommend plywood and block board to be used as sub-
boards, which easily deform after being exposed to wind, sun and rain. Such sub-
boards have deformed and the aluminium composite panel on which will deform
accordingly. We can see that the ideal material to be used as accessories of
aluminium composite panel for exterior decoration is steel profiles and aluminium
profiles is better, which can guarantee project quality.
Gap tidiness
 GLASS + ACP
ACP combined with Glass is a popular form of
cladding material :
• It is almost maintenance free
• Lot of options in colour and décor
• Working accuracy and perfect joints as they are factory made
• Durable
• Individual panel can be replaced
• Can withstand weather conditions
• Very good as waterproofing and very good against leakages, seepages
as sealants are used
• Very flexible in designing
• Though initial cost is high, economical in long term as no need to
repaint, retouch, etc
• Easily available in various colours and styles
• Gives modern look to a building and interesting facades can be created
• ACP is very light weight so in combination, self weight goes down and
no special considerations as far as structural loads are concerned