BIODIVERSITY

and EVOLUTION
 BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION

• Scientist have estimated that there are about 10 million species of living things
in the world.
• Of this vast estimate, only about 1.5 million species have been identified and
classified
by taxonomists.
• Records also showed that
about 50% to 80% of these
species live in the tropical
rainforests. (the richest
ecosystem in the world)
 BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION

• Biodiversity (a contraction of the term biological diversity) is the term used to

describe the number and variety of life found on Earth.
 BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION

• However, new reports tell us that a lot of species are in the verge of extinction.
• Some species are already diminishing in numbers and now are in the list of
endangered species.
 BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION

• The term biodiversity was coined by

Raymond F. Dasmann in 1985 and
was introduced to the science
community by Thomas E. Lovejoy.
 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY

• There are three types of biodiversity –

Genetic Diversity

Species Diversity

Ecosystem Diversity
 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY

• Species diversity pertains to the variety, as well as relative abundance, of

species within a region.
 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY

• Genetic diversity pertains to the variations of genes within a specie, the

difference in the genetic makeup (genotype) between distinct species, or the
variability in the genetic makeup of a given species.

• Genetic diversity exists as

a result of the variations in
the sequence of the four
base-pairs which are the
components of nucleic acid.
 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY

• Ecosystem diversity pertains to the

variations among groups of organisms
in different physical settings.
• Different settings favor different
communities of species.
• The terrestrial and aquatic environment
has been classified into number of
ecosystems.
• Ecosystems vary in terms of species’
composition, physical conditions, and
physical structures and activities.
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
 BIODIVERSITY LOSS

• Biodiversity loss is one of the pressing issues of our time and is actually a worldwide
concern.
• Scientists can determine that biodiversity is being lost if extinction of species, loss of
specific habitats, and a decrease or loss in the genetic variations within species
continue to occur.
 EXTINCTION OF SPECIES

• Extinction means that the last individual belonging to a particular species is gone
forever.
• Extinction happens when there is the specific truth that no single individual of that
species is left to reproduce.
• This is a phenomenon, which nature
cannot repair.
• There are two types of extinction:

Natural Extinction

Accelerated Extinction
 EXTINCTION OF SPECIES

Natural Extinction
• Extinction is natural if a species of organisms is lost every 1,000 years.

Accelerated Extinction
• Accelerated extinction occurs at an approximate rate of 100 species per day, which is
1,000 times higher than the natura; extinction rate.
 EXTINCTION OF SPECIES

Accelerated
Natural Extinction
Extinction
• Accelerated extinction is caused by human activities.
• Scientists have estimated that by the year 2050, about 60,000 plant species and
between 660,000 and 1,860,000 animals species will be threatened or extinct as
consequence of the impacts of
human
activities.
 LOSS OF SPECIFIC HABITATS

• All species
have specific
basic needs.

• Habitat is the
place where the
organisms live.

• It provides the
necessary
elements of life:
food, shelter, etc.
 LOSS OF SPECIFIC HABITATS

• To have a better estimate of species’ diversity, scientists take into account the size of the area
and the number of species a habitat can accommodate.
• Records show that about 17 million hectares of tropical forests are being cleared annually and
50% of the virgin forest has been lost to mining and logging.
• With this rate, it is estimated that 10% to 25% of the tropical species will be extinct at the end
of 21st century.
 LOSS OF SPECIFIC HABITATS

• Substantial portions of wetlands were lost in various parts of the world.

• Wetlands are habitats of waterfowls and are valuable breeding and nursery grounds of
about 90% of marine species.
• As wetlands disappear, different kinds of organisms are affected.
 LOSS OF GENETIC VARIATIONS WITHIN SPECIES

• Genetic variation plays an important role in the survival and ability of the species to
adapt to changing environments.
• The higher the genetic variation
is among the species, the
greater the chance of the species
to survive.
• Species with less genetic
variations are at a greater risk of
being eliminated because if their
inability to cope with the changing
environment.
 EXTINCTION OF SPECIES
AS THE NUMBER ONE CAUSE OF
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
 EXTINCTION OF SPECIES
AS THE NUMBER ONE CAUSE OF
BIODIVERSITY LOSS

Species extinction is the number one cause of

biodiversity loss.

• Extinction of species
may be brought about
by natural causes
and man-made
(anthropogenic)
activities.
 NATURAL CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Extreme Heating and Cooling of the Earth

Changes in Landscape These are the
Natural Causes
Acid Precipitation
of...
Diseases/Epidemic
Meteoric Impact/Cosmic Radiation
Spread of Invasive Species
 NATURAL CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Extreme Heating and Cooling of the Earth

• Change in global temperature caused by a number of factors
• Severe weather conditions or prolonged dry or wet season
• Food and diseases (epidemics)
 NATURAL CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Changes in Landscape
• Various phenomena changes the condition of different species’ habitats.
• Melting of ice, snow, and glaciers due to global warming alters salinity of the surface water
• Diastrophic movements uplift landmasses and expose water-dwelling species
 NATURAL CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Acid Precipitation
• Change in pH of the habitats disturb bodies of water
• Gases in the atmosphere – sulfur dioxide, nitric oxides, chlorine ions emitted by volcanic
activities are absorbed by the clouds
• Chemical substances alter the chemical composition of the soil
 NATURAL CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Diseases /Epidemic
• Species lose their immunity to diseases due to changes in landscape of their habitats and
climate change
• They become vulnerable to diseases
 NATURAL CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Meteoric Impact/Cosmic Radiation

• The impact of the crashing meteorite (destruction)
• Cosmic radiation from outer space (from the sun and supernovas) can mutate genes
 NATURAL CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Spread of Invasive Species

• New species with the same requirements as those of the original species invade other
territories (Competition)
 MAN-MADE CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Habitat Destruction
Commercial Hunting/Harvesting and Hunting These are the
for Sports Man-mande
Introduction of Alien, Exotic, or Non-native Causes of...
Species
Pollution Cause by Human Activities
Other Causes
 MAN-MADE CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Habitat Destruction
• This pertains to the conversion, fragmentation, and simplification of any potential natural
habitats,
• Habitat destruction is considered number one cause of mass species extinctions caused by
human activities.
• Habitats are lost as human population size and resource consumption increase.
 MAN-MADE CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Commercial Hunting/Harvesting and Hunting for Sports

 MAN-MADE CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Introduction of Alien, Exotic, or Non-native Species

• Introduction of exotic plant and animals species upsets the ecological balance in the given
locality.
 MAN-MADE CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

• \ Pollution Caused by Human Activities

MAN-MADE CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Other Causes
IMPACTS OF EXTINCTION
 THE “DOMINO” OR “RIPPLE EFFECT”
OF SPECIES EXTINCTION

• Each species of living organisms whether big or small has specific roles to play.
• Loss of one specie cam upset the balance of the environment and affect its biodiversity.

• Remove one “specie”

and this “small change”
can lead to big problems
that are far reaching and
difficult to repair.
 THE “DOMINO” OR “RIPPLE EFFECT”
OF SPECIES EXTINCTION

• Scientist have discovered that the removal (extinction) of one species can further
change the relative composition or the relative abundance of other species in a
community.
• They all this phenomenon “domino effect” or “ripple effect”.
• The domino or ripple effect can happen if the species that have been removed in
the area are keystone species.
• A Keystone specie is one whose presence and activities strongly affect other
species in the community.
THE “DOMINO” OR “RIPPLE EFFECT”
OF SPECIES EXTINCTION
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
 IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

• Biodiversity is the basic component of all ecosystems in the world.

• It fundamentally provides people of their basic needs in rder to survive.
• It also provides range of valuable services that promotes the well being of people.
 IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Biodiversity functions as buffer against extreme climatic events.
• It functions as the carbon dioxide sink and helps maintain the normal carbon dioxide
concentration from the atmosphere.
 IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Change in global temperature caused by a number of factors
• Severe weather conditions or prolonged dry or wet season
• Food and diseases (epidemics)
ADAPTATIONS AS KEY FACTORS FOR SPECIES’
SURVIVAL
 EXTINCTION AND ADAPTATION

What are the things this plant What are the things this animal
needs in order to survive? needs in order to survive?

What are the probable risks What are the probable risks
this plant would encounter? this animal would encounter?
 EXTINCTION AND ADAPTATION

Extinction is termination of a specie’s lineage.

• Causes of Extinctions:

Natural

Anthropogenic
 EXTINCTION AND ADAPTATION

• Many processes disturb the environment and bring about a lot of changes.
• Species definitely have to respond or react to these changes in order for them
to survive.
• Failure of the organism to respond to these changes would lea to extinction.
• As the organism respond to the changes in the environment, they undergo
individual changes.

Adaptation is the ability on an organism to respond to

changes in the environment..
 STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION

• Structural adaptations involves Morphology is the study

changes in morphology of the if the form and structure
of an organism and their
organism.
specific structural
features
• Examples:
 STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION

• Structural adaptations involves Morphology is the study

changes in morphology of the if the form and structure
of an organism and their
organism.
specific structural
features
• Examples:
 PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION

• Physiological adaptation is any function which an organism exhibits as a

direct response to an environmental change.

• Examples:
 PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION

• Structural adaptations involves Morphology is the study

changes in morphology of the if the form and structure
of an organism and their
organism.
specific structural
features
• Examples:
 BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION

• Behavioral adaptation is any activity that is instinctive or, which an organism

has learned or has become conditional of doing, for protection to the
environmental change.
• Examples:
 BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION

• Structural adaptations involves Morphology is the study

changes in morphology of the if the form and structure
of an organism and their
organism.
specific structural
features
• Examples:
 GENETIC DIVERSITY and
ENVIROMENTAL CHANGES

• Natural process and man-made activities changes the environment.

• Organisms undergo individual changes to cope and survive in the new
environment.
• Living things should possess adaptive traits:

Structures

Functions

Behaviors
 GENETIC DIVERSITY and
ENVIROMENTAL CHANGES

Where can these adaptive

traits come from?
Structures

Functions

Behaviors
 GENETIC DIVERSITY and
ENVIROMENTAL CHANGES

• Sexual reproduction introduces new traits as the offspring inherit the

parent’s genes.
• Traits are carried by the genes.
• Genes of the parents combine and
through this combination, species
with genetic variations are produce.
Beneficial
Detrimental
 ACTIVITY:

Answer the following:

• Check your Knowledge A and B
on pages 77 – 78
• Check Your Understanding
on pages 78 (Notebook)