GAS TURBINE ENGINE

CONSTRUCTION

INTAKE AND DUCTS

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 1

 OBJECTIVE

 At AME School in a Classroom, the trainee will describe

the construction and operating condition of gas turbine
engine intake in accordance with the approved AMES
Training Manual/Part 3 of NCAA Regulation

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 2

 INTERMEDIATE
OBJECTIVES
 State the function of Gas turbine intake

 Explain the types of duct and nozzles

 Explain the types of gas turbine engine intake

 Describe the Intake operating conditions

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 3

 FUNCTION OF INTAKE
SECTION
 FUNCTION OF INLET DUCT

- To deliver air to the compressor with minimum

turbulence and little pressure variation

- It must be able to deliver air to the compressor at a

pressure near the pressure of the ram air

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 4

 REQUIREMENT OF
A GOOD INTAKE DUCT
- Inlet –large

- Smooth to conduct air at minimum energy loss (loss can

be due to drag)

- Ram pressure drop

- Actual inlet requires solving two major problems:-

- Preventing separation air flow

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 5

 REQUIREMENT OF
A GOOD INTAKE DUCT CONTD
- Keeping velocity at air entering the duct minimum
because of shock wave.

 Recover free stream total pressure with minimum loss

(ram air velocity is changed into higher static pressure i.e
divergent).

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 6

 REQUIREMENT OF
A GOOD INTAKE DUCT CONTD

- This is called ram recovery, or ram effect or total

pressure recovery (total pressure brought to rest)

- Decelerate the airflow to the correct compressor inlet

velocity. i.e converting K.E of the flow into static pressure
with min loss due to shock wave and friction.

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 7

 REQUIREMENT
OF A GOOD INTAKE DUCT CONTD

- Deliver the air uniformly to compressor with minimum

turbulence and pressure change

- The amount of inlet air required in turbojet engine is ten

(10) times that of piston engine ideal intake velocity of
0.4M

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 8

 PRESSURE RATIO/
MACH NO

Total pressure recovery on intake pressure ratio

through intake compression over a particular
mach number range.

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 9

 RAM RECOVERY
 Also called Total Head Pressure, ram effect

 The pressure of the air when it is brought to rest in front

of the engine intake

 Change the ram air into higher static pressure at the face
of the engine.

 Increases as aircraft speed increases

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 10

 TYPEOF DUCTS
 CONVERGENT DUCT

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE

AME OF AVIATION
NIGERIAN TECHNOLOGY,
COLLEGE ZARIATECHNOLOGY, ZARIA
OF AVIATION PPT
PPT.1.
1. 11
 CONVERGENT DUCT
CONTD
 Examples in a gas turbine engine.

 Nozzle guide-vanes
 Propelling or exit nozzle

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 12

 DIVERGENT DUCT

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE

AME OF AVIATION
NIGERIAN TECHNOLOGY,
COLLEGE ZARIATECHNOLOGY, ZARIA
OF AVIATION PPT 1. 13
 DIVERGENT DUCT
CONTD
 Examples of a divergent section are
 Diffuser vanes of a centrifugal compressor
 Stator blades of an axial compressor.

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 14

 CHOKED NOZZLE
 Nozzle throat velocity cannot be increased beyond sonic
speed

 Examples of the choked nozzle in the gas turbine

engine.

 Nozzle guide vanes

 Propelling nozzle

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 15

 TYPE OF INTAKE
 Pitot type – low supersonic (transonic) to subsonic –
short duct-divergent shape i.e Pressure recovery
possible velocity<Pressure .before entering compressor.

Pitot type engine intake .

 External/internal intake – high speed (includes a series
of mild shock wave)

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 16

 PITOT TYPE INTAKE
CONTD
 Used when engines are mounted in pods (VC 10,
Boeing 707 etc.), or in the main planes.

 Not suitable for higher supersonic speed.

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 PITOT TYPE INTAKE
CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 18

 PITOT TYPE INTAKE
CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 19

 BELL MOUTH INTAKE
 A wide, smooth convergent inlet-air duct used to direct
air into the compressor of a gas turbine engine.

 Has no duct losses

 Use when calibrating a gas turbine engine on a test

stand.

 Often used in Helicopters

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 BELL MOUTH INTAKE
CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 21

 VARIABLE THROAT
AREA INTAKE

 To accommodate and control the changing volume of air

 But as sonic speed is passed efficiency of pitot type fall

due to shock forming at the lip of the intake

 (use on slow moving aircraft and helicopter) have

advantage low pressure loss.

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 22

 VARIABLE THROAT
AREA INTAKE CONTD
 Recall that pressure recovery across a normal shock
wave is good up to 1.4 mach

 At higher speed pressure recovery drop off hence the

need for a more efficiently intake.

 To decelerate a supersonic flow efficiently (min loss of

energy, we need to create a sequence of small shock
waves followed by a normal shock wave.

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 23

 VARIABLE THROAT
AREA INTAKE CONTD
 This is achieved by use of wedge or centre body spike).

 This allows the shock wave to impinge on the lip of air

intake knowing that shock angle increases with
increasing mach no.

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 24

 VARIABLE THROAT
AREA INTAKE CONTD
 Subsonic Condition: wedge is retracted to increase the
throat area.

 dump valve used as a scoop to increase the mass

airflow to the engine.

 Spill valve, to prevent turbulence at the face of the

compressor

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 25

 VARIABLE THROAT
AREA INTAKE CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 26

 VARIABLE THROAT
AREA INTAKE CONTD
 Supersonic condition:

 the wedge is lowered to reduce the throat area

 The movable wedge variable inlet duct slows supersonic

airflow to a subsonic speed

 forcing it to flow through a series of oblique shock wave

 Then finally through a normal shock wave

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 27

 VARIABLE THROAT
AREA INTAKE CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 28

 VARIABLE THROAT
AREA INTAKE CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 29

 VARIABLE THROAT
AREA INTAKE CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 30

 INTAKE OPERATING
CONDITIONS
 IDEAL OPERATING CONDITIONS
 Ideally the intakes are designed to decelerate the
airflow to the correct compressor inlet velocity over
the expected range of aircraft speeds.

 Convert kinetic energy of flow into static pressure,

with minimum amount of shock and frictional losses.

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 31

 IDEAL OPERATING
CONDITIONS CONTD
 Intake duct is built generally in the divergent shape (sub-
sonic diffuser)

 Air Velocity of about 0.4 Mach at the compressor inlet

 Pressure evenly distributed across the face of the

compressor

 For aircraft speeds considerably greater than 1.0 Mach.

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 IDEAL OPERATING
CONDITIONS CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 33

 TYPES OF SHOCK
WAVES
 NORMAL SHOCK WAVE

 A pressure wave that form at right angles to a surface

when air moves at the speed of sound.

 OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

 A pressure wave that forms on a sharp- pointed object

when air flows past it at a supersonic speed

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 34

 TYPES OF SHOCK
WAVES CONTD
 EXPANSION SHOCK WAVE

 The change in pressure and velocity of supersonic air as

it passes over a surface that drop away from the flow.

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 TYPES OF SHOCK
WAVES CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 36

 TYPES OF SHOCK
WAVES CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 37

 CRITICAL CONDITION
 Intake operating condition have to meet the three
operating condition depending on shock waves relative
to lip of intake

 Critical condition-shock wave at lip of intake

 Most desirable condition because

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 38

 CRITICAL CONDITION
CONTD

 Max pressure recovery occur

 Max mass air flow
 Min turbulence
 Departure from this will cause surge of compressor

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 39

 SUB-CRITICAL
CONDITION
 Sub critical condition-shock wave outside intake

 Pressure recovery is less than Critical condition

 High drag (resulting in air Spilling) this reduced by

bleeding off behind the intake.

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 40

 SUB-CRITICAL
CONDITION CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 41

 SUPER-CRITICAL
CONDITION
 Super critical condition-shock wave inside intake

- Near max flow

- Pressure recovery less than Critical condition

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 42

 SUPER-CRITICAL
CONDITION CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 43

 INTERNAL- EXTERNAL
COMPRESSION INTAKE

 To obtain critical condition there is need for continuously

varying the shape of the intake

 Variable intake uses internal-external compression

intake

15/11/2019 NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT.1.44

 INTERNAL- EXTERNAL
COMPRESSION INTAKE CONTD

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 45

 INTERNAL- EXTERNAL
COMPRESSION INTAKE CONTD

VARIATION INTAKE
15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 46
 MAINTENANCE

Friday, 15 November 2019 INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEMS DESIGN UNIT PPT 1.47

 SUMMARY
 Function of Gas turbine intake

 Types of duct and nozzles

 Types of gas turbine engine intake

 Intake operating conditions

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 48

 MASTERY TEST

15/11/2019 AME NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT.1.49