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Eukaryotic Cells & Microorganisms - Aug2016

Eukaryotic cells first appeared about 2 billion years ago from a precursor cell called the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA). Endosymbiosis, where a cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells that lived within it, led to the development of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. All eukaryotic cells have structures like a cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and cytoskeleton. Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through vegetative growth and budding or fragmentation.

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Karl Francis Garcia
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54 views42 pages

Eukaryotic Cells & Microorganisms - Aug2016

Eukaryotic cells first appeared about 2 billion years ago from a precursor cell called the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA). Endosymbiosis, where a cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells that lived within it, led to the development of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. All eukaryotic cells have structures like a cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and cytoskeleton. Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through vegetative growth and budding or fragmentation.

Uploaded by

Karl Francis Garcia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Eukaryotic Cells

Fungi, Protozoans and Helminths


The History of Eukaryotes

• First appeared about 2 billion years ago


• Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes evolved from a
precursor cell called the Last Common Ancestor or Last
Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)
- this cell was neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic
- gave rise to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Endosymbiosis
– Possible explanation for some organelles
– Pre-eukaryote cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells
and coexisted with them
Endosymbiosis
The Extraordinary Emergence of
Eukaryotic Cells
Evidence of endosymbiosis
– Mitochondria of eukaryotic cells resembles a
prokaryotic cell
- contains a circular chromosome
- capable of independent division
- contains prokaryotic ribosomes
- have bacterial membranes that are inhibited by drugs
that only affect bacteria
• Chloroplasts likely arose when endosymbiotic
cyanobacteria provided their host cells with a built-in
feeding mechanism
Structures of Eukaryotic Cells

All have (mostly)


– Cell membrane
– Nucleus
– Mitochondria
– Endoplasmic reticulum
– Golgi apparati
– Vacuoles
– Cytoskeleton
– Glycocalyx (microbes only)
MYCOLOGY

FUNGI
Phylogenetic Tree
Fungi species

Approximately 100,000 species of fungi


• 2 groups
– Macroscopic fungi: mushrooms,
puffballs, gill fungi
– Microscopic fungi: molds, yeasts

• Forms
- unicellular
- colonial
- complex/multicellular (mushrooms,
puffballs)
Fungi species
Five Fungi species
1.Phylum Zygomycota = the Bread Molds
Rhizopus – black bread mold

2.Phylum Oomycota = the Water Molds


Water mold, potato blight, mildew

3.Phylum Ascomycota = the Sac Fungi


Yeast, morels, truffles

4.Phylum Basidiomycota = the Club Fungi


Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts,
smuts, toadstools
5.Phylum Deuteromycota = the Fungi Imperfecti
Fungie species

The poisonous Amanita


muscaria is native to
the temperate and
boreal regions of North
America.
(credit: Christine Majul)

http://cnx.org/contents/uVdR6VSq@6/
Kingdom-Fungi
LET’s do this:

Group A and B of the class

Draw a fungal
cell based on
your laboratory
observation.
Fungal Cell Forms

Yeasts
– round to oval shape
– asexual reproduction
– reproduce by budding
• Hyphae
– long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous
fungi
– the vegetative bodies of most fungi
• pseudohyphae
– chains of yeast cells on certain species
Pseudohyphae
Microscopic Morphology of Yeasts
Human hair
Fungal hypha
Morphology of Fungi

Mycelium
– the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes
up the body or colony of a mold
Septa
– segments or cross walls found in most fungi that allow
the flow of organelles and nutrients between adjacent
compartments
• Non-septate hyphae consist of one, long, continuous
cell
• Vegetative hyphae are responsible for the visible mass
of growth
• Reproductive or fertile hyphae produce spores
Fungal Hyphae

•Continuous
• multicellular cytoplasm mass
• walls divided by • multinucleate
septa • no septa
Fungal Hyphae
Reproductive Strategies & Spore
Formation
Can reproduce through the outward growth of hyphae
Spores (Asexual: sporangiospores)
The organism is
a Mucor sp.
fungus, a mold
often found
indoors.

(credit: modification of
work by Dr. Lucille
Georg, CDC; scale-bar
data from Matt Russell)
Reproductive Strategies & Spore
Formation
Spores (Asexual: conidiospores or conidia)
- free spores not enclosed in a spore-bearing sac
Cladosporium sp.
showing conidiophores
and conidia
Generalized Fungi Life Cycle
Sexual Spore Formation

Linking of genes from two


parent fungi
Creates offspring with
combination of genes
different from that of the
parent
Variations lead to potentially
advantageous adaptations
Conjugation varies from
simple fusion of fertile
hyphae to a complex union
of male and female
structures
Fungal Characteristics

1) Cell wall made of Chitin

2) Heterotrophs and major decomposers

3) Body is made of long filaments of hyphae which


form a mycelium or maybe unicellular such as the
yeast

4) Reproduce sexually and asexually


• Asexually by spores (Anamorph) - mitospore
• Sexually by mating of hyphae filaments
(Teleomorph) - meiospore
Fungal Characteristics
LET’s do this:

Group A and B of the class

From which
sources can
fungi derive
nutrients?
Value of Fungi
Uses:
• medicine
• food
Ecological value:
• major decomposers
• symbiotic relationships (N2 fixers)
• form stable associations with plant roots and
increase their ability to absorb water and nutrients
Problems:
• some strains are deadly
• athletes foot
• destroy library books
• destroy crops
Fungal Characteristics
Opportunistic vs. Pathogenic

 Fungus is a  Fungus is the


secondary invader primary problem
 Animal has other  Animal does not
pre-existing have to be immune
conditions suppressed to be
 However, the affected by the
fungus may be fungus
there all the time
Fungal Diseases (Mycoses)

Systemic mycoses: Deep within body


Subcutaneous mycoses: Beneath the skin
Cutaneous mycoses: Affect hair, skin, and nails
Superficial mycoses: Localized, e.g., hair shafts
Opportunistic mycoses: Caused by normal microbiota or
environmental fungi
THANK YOU

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