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Chapter 1: Introduction: Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts - 10 Edition

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179 views15 pages

Chapter 1: Introduction: Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts - 10 Edition

OS

Uploaded by

seerat fatima
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1: Introduction

Operating System Concepts – 10h Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Chapter 1: Introduction
 What Operating Systems Do
 Computer-System Organization
 Computer-System Architecture
 Operating-System Operations
 Resource Management
 Security and Protection
 Virtualization
 Distributed Systems
 Kernel Data Structures
 Computing Environments

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Objectives

 Describe the general organization of a computer system


and the role of interrupts
 Describe the components in a modern, multiprocessor
computer system
 Illustrate the transition from user mode to kernel mode
 Discuss how operating systems are used in various
computing environments

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Computer System Structure

 Computer system can be divided into four components:


 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
 Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
 Users
 People, machines, other computers

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Abstract View of Components of Computer

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Operating System Definition

 Operating system is a resource allocator and control program


making efficient use of HW and managing execution of user
programs
 “The one program running at all times on the computer” is kernel,
the part of the operating system
 a system program (part of the operating system, but not part
of the kernel)
 an application program, all programs not associated with the
operating system

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Computer System Organization

 Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
memory cycles

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
I/O Device Operations

 I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently


 Each I/O device has a device controller
 Each device controller has a local buffer
 Each device controller has a device driver to manage it
 CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
 Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Definition of Interrupt

 An interrupt is an input signal to the processor that needs


immediate attention
 Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally,
through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all
the service routines
 Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted
instruction
 The interrupt that is caused by any internal system of the computer
is known as software interrupt, trap or exception (High priority)
 Divide by 0, Arithmetic overflow error, accessing invalid memory location
 The interrupt that is caused by an external device known as
hardware interrupt (Low priority)
 E.g. Keystroke from a keyboard, mouse click, signal from a printer to
indicate that some event has occurred

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Interrupt Handling

 The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing


registers and the program counter
 Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:
 CPU repeatedly checking every device - polling
 Device send an input signal to the CPU - vectored
 Separate segments of code determine what action should be
taken for each type of interrupt

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Interrupt-driven I/O Cycle

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Storage Structure
 Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU can access
directly
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Typically volatile
 Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides large
nonvolatile storage capacity
 Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
 Tertiary storage – below secondary storage, outside the computer,
nonvolatile storage capacity
 Optical disk, magnetic tape

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Storage Definitions and Notation Review
The basic unit of computer storage is the bit . A bit can contain one of two
values, 0 and 1. All other storage in a computer is based on collections of bits.
Given enough bits, it is amazing how many things a computer can represent:
numbers, letters, images, movies, sounds, documents, and programs, to name
a few. A byte is 8 bits, and on most computers it is the smallest convenient
chunk of storage. For example, most computers don’t have an instruction to
move a bit but do have one to move a byte. A less common term is word,
which is a given computer architecture’s native unit of data. A word is made
up of one or more bytes. For example, a computer that has 64-bit registers and
64-bit memory addressing typically has 64-bit (8-byte) words. A computer
executes many operations in its native word size rather than a byte at a time.

Computer storage, along with most computer throughput, is generally


measured and manipulated in bytes and collections of bytes. A kilobyte , or
KB , is 1,024 bytes; a megabyte , or MB , is 1,0242 bytes; a gigabyte , or GB , is
1,0243 bytes; a terabyte , or TB , is 1,0244 bytes; and a petabyte , or PB , is 1,0245
bytes. Computer manufacturers often round off these numbers and say that
a megabyte is 1 million bytes and a gigabyte is 1 billion bytes. Networking
measurements are an exception to this general rule; they are given in bits
(because networks move data a bit at a time).

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Storage Hierarchy

 Storage systems organized in hierarchy


 Speed (access time)
 Storage capacity
 Volatility
 Caching – copying used information into faster storage area;
main memory can be viewed as a cache for secondary storage

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Storage-Device Hierarchy

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018

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