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Culture and Society

Culture consists of the customs, values, and objects that are shared by a society. It includes both material and non-material aspects of a group's way of life. Cultural universals are common practices and beliefs that exist across societies, though how they are expressed can vary. Innovation is the introduction of new ideas or objects to a culture, while diffusion is how cultural elements spread between groups through various means like trade, media, and travel. Technology has increased the speed and reach of cultural diffusion globally. Material culture refers to tangible aspects like food and housing, while non-material culture includes concepts, values, and communication patterns.

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74 views19 pages

Culture and Society

Culture consists of the customs, values, and objects that are shared by a society. It includes both material and non-material aspects of a group's way of life. Cultural universals are common practices and beliefs that exist across societies, though how they are expressed can vary. Innovation is the introduction of new ideas or objects to a culture, while diffusion is how cultural elements spread between groups through various means like trade, media, and travel. Technology has increased the speed and reach of cultural diffusion globally. Material culture refers to tangible aspects like food and housing, while non-material culture includes concepts, values, and communication patterns.

Uploaded by

Waleed Hussain
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CULTURE AND SOCIETY

 Culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge,


material objects and behavior.
 It includes the ideas values and artifacts of a group of people.
 In sociological terms culture does not refer solely to the fine arts and refined
intellectual taste. But it consist of all objects and ideas within the society
including its slang language.
 The fact that you share a similar culture with others helps you to define a
group or society.
 A fairly large number of people are said to constitute a society when they live
in the same territory and participate in a common culture.
CULTURAL UNIVERSALS

 All society have developed certain common practices and beliefs known as
cultural universals.
 Expression of cultural universals varies from society to society it may also
change dramatically over a time within the society.
 Each generations each year most human culture changes and expand through
processes of innovation and diffusion.
INNOVATION & DISCOVERY

 The process of introducing a new idea or objects to a culture is known as


innovation.

 Discovery involves making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of


reality.

 An invention results when existing cultural items are combined into form that
did not exist before.
GLOBALIZATION, DIFFUSION &
TECHNOLOGY
 GLOBALIZATION: is a worldwide integration of governmental policies,
cultures, social movements and financial markets through trade and the
exchange of ideas.
 Today development outside a country are as likely to influence people’s lives
as changes at home; examples – recession, terrorist attacks, economic
decline.
 DIFFUSION: refers to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group
to group or society to society.
 Diffusion can occur through a variety of means, among them exploration,
military conquest, missionary work, the influence of mass media, tourism and
the internet.
 Sociologist George Ritzer coined term “McDonalization of Society”
 It include mending of cultures through which we see more and more
similarities in cultural expression.
 TECHNOLOGY: its cultural information about how to use material resources of
the environment to satisfy human needs.
 Technology in its many forms has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and
broaden the distribution of cultural elements.
 Technology not only accelerates the diffusion of scientific innovation but also
transmits culture.
 Sociologist William F. Ogburn made a useful distinction between the elements
of material and nonmaterial culture.
 Material Culture: refers to the physical or technological aspects of our daily
lives including food, houses, factories etc.
 Non Material Culture: refers to the ways of using material objects and to
customs beliefs, philosophies, governments and patterns of communication.

 CULTURAL LAG: term introduced by Ogburn to refer a period of


maladjustment when nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new
material conditions.
TYPES OF CULTURE

 There are two types of culture:

1. Material Culture
2. Non-Material Culture
MATERIAL & NON MATERIAL CULTURE

 MATERIAL CULTURE: Material culture concerned with the external,


mechanical and utilitarian objects.
 It can be easily communicated and makes our lives more comfortable,
luxurious and meaningful.
 Material culture has the extrinsic value like housing, fashion, food.
 It also contributes to represents the whole apparatus of life or civilization.

 NON MATERIAL CULTURE: Non material culture includes concepts, values,


mores, folkways and ideas.
FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE

 To regulate the conduct and prepare the human beings for group life through
the process of socialization.
 It defines values, attitudes and goals and broadens the vision of an individual.
 One of the most important function of culture is to provide solutions to the
occurring problems, by keeping the individual behaviour intact and moulds
the national character.
 Culture also provides behaviour patterns and relationships with others.
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

 Components of culture are as follow:


1. Language
2. Values
3. Folkways
4. Mores
5. Laws
6. Customs
LANGUAGE

 A major symbolic system in use in all human societies is languages.

 Human languages are learned and variable, flexible and generative without
language there is no culture.

 It is language through which we are able to create share, preserve and


transmit cultural meanings such as complex patterns of emotions, thought,
knowledge and beliefs. Language is essential to give members of society a
sense of identity.
VALUES

 Values are general abstract moral principles defining what is right or wrong,
good or bad, desirable or undesirable.

 In other words values often come in pairs of positive and negative terms.

 Values define general moral qualities of behavior expected from members of


society such as honesty, patriotism or commitment to freedom
FOLKWAYS

 Folkways Folkways are accepted ways of behavior.


 According to Gillin and Gillin folkways are the behavior pattern of every day
life which unconsciously arises within a group.
 According to AW Green folkways are the ways of acting that are common to a
society or a group that are handed down from generation to the next.
 According to Merill folkways are social habits or group expectations that have
arised in the daily life of the group.
 Folkways are social in nature, repetitive in character, unplanned in origin,
informal enforcement, varied in nature and subjected to change.
MORES

 Mores Standard of behavior that influences the moral conduct of people


conformity to mass is called as mores.
 According to MacIver & CH Page when folkways have added to group welfare
and high standards that are converted into mores.
 mores determine our conception of right or wrong and proper and improper.
Mores differ from group to group and from society to society.
 Mores are dynamic, they keep on changing according to changing need of
society.
CUSTOMS

 Customs are formed on the basis of habits.


 Customs are social habits which through repetition become the basis of an
order of social behavior.
 According to MacIver custom is a group procedure that has gradually emerged
without express enactment without any constituted authority to declare it,
apply it, to safe guard it.
LAWS

 Laws are enacted by the state or centre to have control over individual.
 According to Green law is more or less systematic body of generalized rules,
balanced between the fiction of performance and fact of change governing
specifically defined relationship and situations and employing force or the
threat of force in defined and limited ways.
 Laws applies equally to all Laws are definite, clear and precise.

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